Percent distribution of congenital anomalies by maternal characteristics and p value of χ2
| Non-anomaly | Any anomaly | Heart | Musculoskeletal | Urogenital | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Risk factors | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) |
| Maternal age | |||||
| <30 years | 1887 (65.0) | 103 (60.2) | 31 (54.4)* | 24 (64.9) | 13 (56.5) |
| ≥30 years | 1016 (35.0) | 68 (39.8) | 26 (45.6) | 13 (35.1) | 10 (43.5) |
| Marital status | |||||
| Married | 2425 (83.5) | 129 (75.4)** | 46 (80.7) | 28 (75.7) | 20 (87.0) |
| Not married | 478 (16.5) | 42 (24.6) | 11 (19.3) | 9 (24.3) | 3 (13.0) |
| Maternal active smoking | |||||
| Non-smoker | 2712(93.4) | 162 (94.7) | 53 (93.0) | 37 (100.0) | 21 (91.3) |
| Smoker | 191 (6.6) | 9 (5.3) | 4 (7.0) | 0 | 2 (8.7) |
| Passive smoking | |||||
| Non-smoker | 1582 (55.0) | 82 (48.8) | 28 (50.9) | 14 (37.8)** | 13 (56.5) |
| Smoker | 1292 (45.0) | 86 (51.2) | 27 (49.1) | 23 (62.2) | 10 (43.5) |
| Alcohol consumption during pregnancy | |||||
| No | 2724 (93.8) | 165 (96.5) | 56 (98.2) | 35 (94.6) | 23 (100.0) |
| Yes | 179 (6.2) | 6 (3.5) | 1 (1.8) | 2 (5.4) | 0 |
| Ethnic group | |||||
| Lithuanian | 2829 (97.5) | 168 (98.2) | 56 (98.1) | 36 (97.3) | 23 (100) |
| Other | 74 (2.5) | 3 (1.8) | 1 (1.8) | 1 (2.7) | 0 |
| Maternal education | |||||
| Primary school | 138 (4.8) | 9 (5.3) | 4 (7.0) | 3 (8.1) | 1 (4.3) |
| Secondary school | 1160 (40.0) | 57 (33.3) | 20 (35.1) | 12 (32.4) | 8 (34.8) |
| University degree | 1605 (55.3) | 105 (61.4) | 33 (57.9) | 22 (59.5) | 14 (60.9) |
| Parity | |||||
| No child | 1429 (49.2) | 86 (50.3) | 24 (42.1) | 22 (59.5) | 12 (52.2) |
| ≥1 child | 1474 (50.8) | 85 (49.7) | 33 (57.9) | 15 (40.5) | 11 (47.8) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | |||||
| <25 Underweight and normal weight | 1685 (58.0) | 127 (74.3)** | 39 (68.4)* | 30 (81.1)** | 17 (73.9)* |
| 25–30 Overweight | 839 (28.9) | 27 (15.8) | 9 (15.8) | 4 (10.8) | 3 (13.0) |
| >30 Obesity | 379 (13.1) | 17 (9.9) | 9 (15.8) | 3 (8.1) | 3 (13.0) |
| Hazard work exposure during pregnancy | |||||
| No | 1034 (35.6) | 55 (32.2) | 21 (36.8) | 13 (35.1) | 5 (21.7) |
| Yes | 1869 (64.4) | 116 (67.8) | 36 (63.2) | 24 (64.9) | 18 (78.3) |
| Maternal chronic diseases | |||||
| No | 2208 (76.1) | 125 (73.1) | 35 (61.4)** | 29 (78.4) | 14 (60.9)* |
| Yes | 695 (23.9) | 46 (26.9) | 22 (38.6) | 8 (21.6) | 9 (39.1) |
| Maternal stress | |||||
| No | 2048 (70.5) | 122 (71.3) | 35 (61.4) | 27 (81.8) | 15 (65.2) |
| Yes | 855 (29.5) | 49 (28.7) | 22 (38.6) | 6 (18.2) | 8 (34.8) |
| Infant sex | |||||
| Male | 1469 (50.6) | 91 (53.2) | 29 (50.9) | 13 (35.1)* | 17 (73.9)** |
| Female | 1434 (49.4) | 80 (46.8) | 28 (49.1) | 24 (64.9) | 6 (26.1) |
| Socioeconomic status | |||||
| Low | 854 (30.6) | 52 (31.7) | 18 (34.6) | 12 (34.3) | 10 (43.5) |
| Medium | 1516 (54.2) | 78 (47.6) | 26 (50.0) | 16 (45.7) | 9 (39.1) |
| High | 425 (15.2) | 34 (20.7) | 8 (15.4) | 7 (20.0) | 4 (17.4) |
| Parity | |||||
| No child | 2795 (96.3) | 164 (95.9)* | 52 (91.2) | 35 (94.6)* | 23 (100) |
| ≥1 child | 108 (3.7) | 7 (4.1) | 5 (8.8) | 2 (5.4) | 0 |
| Previous preterm | |||||
| No | 2630 (90.6) | 147 (86.0)** | 50 (87.7) | 33 (89.2) | 18 (78.3)** |
| Yes | 273 (9.4) | 24 (14.0) | 7 (12.3) | 4 (10.8) | 5 (21.7) |
| Water filters | |||||
| Yes | 878 (30.2) | 53 (31.0) | 14 (24.6) | 13 (35.1) | 7 (30.4) |
| No | 2025 (69.8) | 118 (69.0) | 43 (75.4) | 24 (64.9) | 16 (69.6) |
| Water supply area | |||||
| Other | 1578 (54.4) | 68 (39.8) | 20 (35.1) | 19 (51.4) | 5 (21.7)** |
| Petrasiunai | 1325 (45.6) | 103 (60.2) | 37 (64.9) | 18 (48.6) | 18 (78.3) |
| Trihalomethane internal dose | |||||
| 1st tertile | 966 (33.3) | 50 (29.2) | 16 (28.1) | 14 (37.8) | 4 (17.4) |
| 2nd tertile | 987 (34.0) | 59 (34.5) | 18 (31.6) | 13 (35.1) | 9 (39.1) |
| 3rd tertile | 950 (32.7) | 62 (36.3) | 23 (40.4) | 10 (27.0) | 10 (43.5) |
*p<0.1; **p<0.05.
Other water supply areas–low exposure; Petrasiunai–high exposure.