ORs (95% CIs) of hypertension* by serum PFOA concentration
| 80th vs 20th percentiles of PFOA (2.4 vs 6.1 μg/l) | Quartile 1 (<2.6 μg/l) | Quartile 2 (2.7–3.9 μg/l) | Quartile 3 (4.0–5.5 μg/l) | Quartile 4 (>5.6 μg/l) | p Value for trend† | |
| Model 1‡ | 2.54 (2.01 to 3.06) | 1 (Reference) | 1.24 (0.89 to 1.74) | 1.63 (1.20 to 2.20) | 1.80 (1.35 to 2.41) | 0.0001 |
| Model 2§ | 2.63 (2.11 to 3.16) | 1 (Reference) | 1.22 (0.86 to 1.74) | 1.65 (1.20 to 2.27) | 1.82 (1.35 to 2.45) | <0.0001 |
| Model 3¶ | 2.62 (2.09 to 3.14) | 1 (Reference) | 1.21 (0.86 to 1.70) | 1.60 (1.15 to 2.22) | 1.71 (1.23 to 2.36) | 0.001 |
↵* Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure >140 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure >90 mm Hg or a self-reported medical diagnosis of hypertension.
↵† p Value for trend based on log-transformed PFOA concentrations.
↵‡ Model 1 was adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, income, smoking habits and alcohol use.
↵§ Model 2 was further adjusted for obesity status, total saturated fatty acid intake and physical activity.
↵¶ Model 3 was further adjusted for serum PFOS concentrations, total cholesterol and poor kidney function (measured by estimated glomerular filtration rate).