Table 3

Occurrence of individual and organisational barriers to ergonomic device use during patient handling activities in nursing homes and hospitals

Type	Category	Source	Barriers		Nursing homes	Hospitals
Individual	Motivation	N	Actual behaviour to use lifting devices	Attention through intention	8%	36%
				Changed behaviour	29%	36%
				Maintenance of behaviour	63%	27%
		N	Actual behaviour to use other ergonomic devices	Attention through intention	17%	45%
				Changed behaviour	31%	29%
				Maintenance of behaviour	52%	24%
	Ability	N	Low work experience		48%	51%
		N	Lack of knowledge of workplace guidelines		2%	7%
Organisational	Convenience and easily accessible	R	Unfavourable ratio of lifting devices per patient		44%	67%
		R	Unfavourable ratio of slide sheets per patient		62%	40%
		R	Unfavourable ratio of adjustable shower chairs per patient		21%	70%
		R	Lifting devices not close to bed		89%	93%
		R	Other ergonomic devices not close to bed		13%	38%
		R	Bathroom not attached to patient's room		39%	35%
	Management support	M	Management spending little money to maintain ergonomic devices		10%	53%
		M	Management not reserving any money for activities or supplies to reduce physical load		40%	51%
		M	Nurses not trained in use of ergonomic devices each year		14%	20%
	Supportive management climate	T	No regular checking of amount of ergonomic devices in proportion to mobility of patients		5%	22%
		T	No policy on maintenance of ergonomic devices		6%	18%
		T	Physical load not a regular topic in team meetings		27%	65%
	Interactivity	E	Little time spending on peer leader activities per week		59%	68%
	Interactivity	R	Absence of patient specific protocols with strict guidelines for ergonomic device use		35%	96%

E: self-administered questionnaire of ergocoach; M: self-administered questionnaire of manager; N: structured interview of nurses; R: checklist filled out by researcher; T: self-administered questionnaire of team leader.