Intensity-weighted lifetime-days of use of specific pesticides and ESRD risk, adjusted for age and state, among male pesticide applicators in the Agricultural Health Study (1993–1997)
| Pesticide | Non-cases N=55 260 | ESRD Cases N=320 | HR (95% CI) | p for trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intensity-weighted lifetime-days | N (%) | N (%) | |||
| Fumigants | |||||
| Methyl bromide | <558 | 3409 (6.4) | 19 (6.4) | 0.65 (0.4 to 1.06) | |
| ≥558 to <1898.75 | 2238 (4.2) | 19 (6.4) | 0.89 (0.55 to 1.45) | ||
| ≥1898.75 | 2020 (3.8) | 19 (6.4) | 0.94 (0.58 to 1.52) | ||
| 0.9373 | |||||
| Fungicides | |||||
| Chlorothalonil* | <588 | 1341 (2.5) | 13 (4.4) | 1.47 (0.84 to 2.59) | |
| 588–3254 | 1483 (2.8) | 14 (4.7) | 1.38 (0.80 to 2.40) | ||
| ≥3255 | 1330 (2.5) | 14 (4.7) | 1.54 (0.89 to 2.67) | ||
| 0.1119 | |||||
| Metalaxyl* | <310 | 1363 (5.8) | 12 (9.5) | 1.73 (0.94 to 3.18) | |
| ≥310 to <1764 | 1533 (6.6) | 12 (9.5) | 1.53 (0.8 to 2.92) | ||
| ≥1764 | 1289 (5.5) | 12 (9.5) | 1.85 (0.96 to 3.59) | ||
| 0.0986 | |||||
| Herbicides | |||||
| Phenoxy herbicides | |||||
| 2,4-D* | <1756.7 | 15 849 (30.1) | 69 (23.5) | 0.75 (0.55 to 1.04) | |
| ≥1756.7 to <6770.3 | 13 028 (24.8) | 67 (22.9) | 0.88 (0.63 to 1.22) | ||
| ≥6770.25 | 10 562 (20.1) | 68 (23.2) | 0.98 (0.71 to 1.36) | ||
| 0.4383 | |||||
| 2,4,5-T* | <780 | 2425 (10.3) | 12 (9.4) | 0.60 (0.33 to 1.09) | |
| ≥780 | 1776 (7.6) | 13 (10.2) | 0.83 (0.46 to 1.48) | ||
| 0.5508 | |||||
| Triazine herbicides | |||||
| Atrazine | <1306.7 | 13 475 (25.5) | 69 (23) | 1.13 (0.82 to 1.56) | |
| ≥1306.7 to <6961.5 | 14 480 (27.4) | 68 (22.7) | 0.99 (0.72 to 1.36) | ||
| ≥6961.5 | 8630 (16.3) | 69 (23) | 1.52 (1.11 to 2.09) | ||
| 0.0078 | |||||
| Cyanazine | <784 | 7848 (15.9) | 28 (11) | 0.85 (0.56 to 1.29) | |
| ≥784 to <3110.3 | 6884 (13.9) | 28 (11) | 0.98 (0.64 to 1.48) | ||
| ≥3110.3 | 5739 (11.6) | 28 (11) | 1.26 (0.83 to 1.92) | ||
| 0.2156 | |||||
| Metribuzin* | <472.5 | 3645 (15.5) | 15 (11.6) | 0.94 (0.53 to 1.67) | |
| ≥472.5 to <1344 | 2442 (10.4) | 15 (11.6) | 1.43 (0.81 to 2.52) | ||
| ≥1344 | 2592 (11) | 15 (11.6) | 1.41 (0.8 to 2.49) | ||
| 0.1654 | |||||
| Dinitroaniline herbicides | |||||
| Pendimethalin* | <793.3 | 4318 (18.3) | 14 (11) | 0.7 (0.4 to 1.23) | |
| ≥793.3 to <3307.5 | 2926 (12.4) | 15 (11.8) | 1.23 (0.71 to 2.14) | ||
| ≥3307.5 | 1682 (7.1) | 14 (11) | 2.13 (1.2 to 3.78) | ||
| 0.0057 | |||||
| Trifluralin | <1128.75 | 8960 (18.2) | 38 (15.1) | 0.9 (0.63 to 1.31) | |
| ≥1128.75 to <3596 | 7646 (15.5) | 38 (15.1) | 1.12 (0.77 to 1.63) | ||
| ≥3596 | 9134 (18.5) | 38 (15.1) | 0.94 (0.65 to 1.37) | ||
| 0.8638 | |||||
| Chloroacetanilide herbicides | |||||
| Metolachlor | <1006 | 9206 (18.7) | 38 (14.5) | 1.02 (0.71 to 1.46) | |
| 1006–3827 | 7157 (14.5) | 38 (14.5) | 1.39 (0.96 to 2.00) | ||
| ≥3828 | 6443 (13.1) | 40 (15.3) | 1.53 (1.08 to 2.18) | ||
| 0.0084 | |||||
| Alachlor | <1053.5 | 9952 (20.3) | 47 (18) | 1.04 (0.74 to 1.47) | |
| ≥1053.5 to <5568 | 9580 (19.5) | 48 (18.4) | 1.06 (0.76 to 1.49) | ||
| ≥5568 | 6038 (12.3) | 47 (18) | 1.51 (1.08 to 2.13) | ||
| 0.0146 | |||||
| All other herbicides | |||||
| Dicamba | <490 | 7153 (14.6) | 32 (12.4) | 0.99 (0.66 to 1.48) | |
| ≥490 to <2766.75 | 10 203 (20.8) | 31 (12) | 0.69 (0.46 to 1.04) | ||
| ≥2766.75 | 7290 (14.9) | 32 (12.4) | 1.06 (0.7 to 1.59) | ||
| 0.7387 | |||||
| Chlorimuron-ethyl* | <385 | 3516 (14.9) | 13 (10.1) | 0.93 (0.52 to 1.68) | |
| ≥385 to <918.75 | 1560 (6.6) | 13 (10.1) | 1.98 (1.1 to 3.55) | ||
| ≥918.75 | 2516 (10.7) | 13 (10.1) | 1.21 (0.67 to 2.16) | ||
| 0.3560 | |||||
| EPTC | <638 | 4525 (9.3) | 11 (4.4) | 0.64 (0.35 to 1.19) | |
| ≥638 to <2088 | 2753 (5.6) | 12 (4.8) | 1.18 (0.65 to 2.13) | ||
| ≥2088 | 2713 (5.6) | 12 (4.8) | 1.25 (0.69 to 2.24) | ||
| 0.3894 | |||||
| Paraquat* | <708.75 | 2040 (8.7) | 11 (8.5) | 1.05 (0.56 to 1.97) | |
| ≥708.75 to <2334.5 | 917 (3.9) | 11 (8.5) | 2.3 (1.2 to 4.41) | ||
| ≥2334.5 | 970 (4.1) | 11 (8.5) | 2.15 (1.11 to 4.15) | ||
| 0.0164 | |||||
| Petroleum oil* | <784 | 1950 (8.3) | 11 (8.5) | 1.27 (0.68 to 2.38) | |
| 784–2024 | 1006 (4.3) | 12 (9.3) | 3.20 (1.75 to 5.85) | ||
| ≥2025 | 1969 (8.4) | 12 (9.3) | 1.42 (0.78 to 2.59) | ||
| 0.1905 | |||||
| Imazethapyr | <350 | 6748 (13.8) | 29 (11.2) | 1.34 (0.87, 2.07) | |
| ≥350 to <882 | 5034 (10.3) | 30 (11.6) | 2.00 (1.30, 3.07) | ||
| ≥882 | 9178 (18.7) | 30 (11.6) | 1.26 (0.83, 1.94) | ||
| 0.3114 | |||||
| Glyphosate | <609 | 12 231 (23.1) | 72 (24.1) | 0.93 (0.68 to 1.28) | |
| ≥609 to <2821 | 15 245 (28.8) | 73 (24.4) | 0.72 (0.53 to 0.99) | ||
| ≥2821 | 12 474 (23.6) | 71 (23.7) | 0.87 (0.63 to 1.21) | ||
| 0.7095 | |||||
| Butylate* | <918.75 | 2985 (12.7) | 12 (9.4) | 0.78 (0.43 to 1.43) | |
| ≥918.75 | 3140 (13.4) | 13 (10.2) | 0.87 (0.48 to 1.55) | ||
| 0.6294 | |||||
| Insecticides | |||||
| Organochlorines | |||||
| Aldrin* | <326.7 | 1292 (5.5) | 12 (9.8) | 1.27 (0.68 to 2.37) | |
| ≥326.7 to <1019.2 | 1196 (5.1) | 11 (9) | 1.21 (0.63 to 2.31) | ||
| ≥1019.2 | 1227 (5.2) | 12 (9.8) | 1.23 (0.66 to 2.29) | ||
| 0.5243 | |||||
| Chlordane* | <560 | 2581 (11) | 11 (8.7) | 0.57 (0.3 to 1.06) | |
| ≥560 to <1260 | 838 (3.6) | 12 (9.4) | 1.66 (0.9 to 3.04) | ||
| ≥1260 | 841 (3.6) | 11 (8.7) | 1.5 (0.8 to 2.82) | ||
| 0.0975 | |||||
| DDT* | <437.5 | 1891 (8.1) | 15 (11.9) | 0.76 (0.43 to 1.33) | |
| ≥437.5 to <2327.5 | 1701 (7.3) | 16 (12.7) | 0.82 (0.47 to 1.41) | ||
| ≥2327.5 | 1329 (5.7) | 16 (12.7) | 1.05 (0.61 to 1.83) | ||
| 0.7201 | |||||
| Heptachlor* | <440 | 1285 (5.5) | 13 (10.3) | 1.46 (0.8 to 2.67) | |
| ≥440 | 1383 (5.9) | 13 (10.3) | 1.29 (0.71 to 2.35) | ||
| 0.3898 | |||||
| Toxaphene* | <1006 | 1554 (6.6) | 8 (6.5) | 0.69 (0.34 to 1.42) | |
| ≥1006 | 975 (4.1) | 9 (7.3) | 0.99 (0.49 to 1.99) | ||
| 0.9583 | |||||
| Organophosphates | |||||
| Terbufos | <840 | 7169 (14.5) | 28 (11) | 0.99 (0.66 to 1.5) | |
| ≥840 to <2182.25 | 4435 (9) | 28 (11) | 1.46 (0.97 to 2.19) | ||
| ≥2182.25 | 6766 (13.7) | 28 (11) | 0.94 (0.63 to 1.41) | ||
| 0.9102 | |||||
| Fonofos | <672 | 4129 (8.3) | 11 (4.3) | 0.62 (0.34 to 1.16) | |
| ≥672 to <1837.5 | 2770 (5.6) | 11 (4.3) | 0.91 (0.49 to 1.69) | ||
| ≥1837.5 | 3366 (6.8) | 11 (4.3) | 0.7 (0.38 to 1.3) | ||
| 0.2736 | |||||
| Chlorpyrifos | <437.5 | 5953 (13.1) | 28 (10.6) | 0.83 (0.55 to 1.23) | |
| ≥437.5 to <2262 | 7911 (17.3) | 29 (11) | 0.64 (0.43 to 0.95) | ||
| ≥2262 | 5806 (12.7) | 29 (11) | 0.89 (0.6 to 1.32) | ||
| 0.5288 | |||||
| Malathion* | <644 | 6577 (28.2) | 27 (21.4) | 0.87 (0.54 to 1.42) | |
| ≥644 to <1792 | 3626 (15.6) | 28 (22.2) | 1.44 (0.89 to 2.32) | ||
| ≥1792 | 4344 (18.7) | 28 (22.2) | 1.02 (0.63 to 1.65) | ||
| 0.8744 | |||||
| Parathion* | <1392 | 1022 (4.4) | 8 (6.5) | 1.11 (0.53 to 2.29) | |
| ≥1392 | 687 (2.9) | 8 (6.5) | 1.64 (0.79 to 3.43) | ||
| 0.1856 | |||||
| Diazinon* | <1260 | 3183 (13.6) | 12 (9.5) | 0.61 (0.33 to 1.11) | |
| ≥1260 | 1703 (7.3) | 13 (10.3) | 1.07 (0.59 to 1.93) | ||
| 0.7867 | |||||
| Phorate* | <437.5 | 2632 (11.2) | 12 (9.9) | 0.88 (0.47 to 1.65) | |
| ≥437.5 to <2688 | 2781 (11.9) | 11 (9.1) | 0.75 (0.39 to 1.43) | ||
| ≥2688 | 1212 (5.2) | 11 (9.1) | 1.65 (0.87 to 3.1) | ||
| 0.135 | |||||
| Coumaphos | <957 | 2100 (4.3) | 14 (5.6) | 1.29 (0.75 to 2.22) | |
| ≥957 | 1651 (3.4) | 14 (5.6) | 1.63 (0.95 to 2.79) | ||
| 0.0689 | |||||
| Dichlorvos | <3136 | 2987 (6.1) | 10 (4.1) | 0.78 (0.41 to 1.47) | |
| ≥3136 | 1682 (3.4) | 10 (4.1) | 1.41 (0.74 to 2.67) | ||
| 0.2862 | |||||
| Pyrethroids | |||||
| Permethrin for crops | <420 | 2917 (6) | 11 (4.3) | 0.99 (0.54 to 1.81) | |
| ≥420 to <4002 | 2847 (5.8) | 11 (4.3) | 0.9 (0.49 to 1.66) | ||
| ≥4002 | 1160 (2.4) | 11 (4.3) | 2 (1.08 to 3.68) | ||
| 0.0311 | |||||
| Permethrin for animals | <630 | 2689 (5.4) | 12 (4.7) | 1.49 (0.83 to 2.68) | |
| ≥630 | 3245 (6.5) | 13 (5.1) | 1.33 (0.76 to 2.34) | ||
| 0.2947 | |||||
| Carbamates | |||||
| Carbofuran | <696 | 5740 (11.7) | 21 (8.4) | 0.65 (0.41 to 1.03) | |
| 696–2299 | 3753 (7.6) | 21 (8.4) | 0.88 (0.56 to 1.39) | ||
| ≥2300 | 3210 (6.5) | 22 (8.8) | 1.06 (0.68 to 1.65) | ||
| 0.7550 | |||||
| Carbaryl* | <1006.3 | 5034 (21.6) | 18 (14.4) | 0.55 (0.33 to 0.92) | |
| ≥1006.3 to <7280 | 3212 (13.8) | 18 (14.4) | 0.65 (0.37 to 1.14) | ||
| ≥7280 | 1574 (6.7) | 18 (14.4) | 1.05 (0.58 to 1.91) | ||
| 0.3252 | |||||
| Aldicarb* | <1176 | 835 (3.5) | 7 (5.5) | 1.54 (0.7 to 3.4) | |
| ≥1176 | 899 (3.8) | 8 (6.3) | 1.83 (0.86 to 3.88) | ||
| 0.1182 | |||||
*Indicates pesticide with duration and frequency information only available on the take-home questionnaire: N (non-cases)=24 429 and N (cases)=136.
DDT, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane; EPTC, s-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate; ESRD, end-stage renal disease.