Prospective cohort studies |
Tüchsen et al
35
| 67% | Poisson regression model |
-
Age, education, body mass index, smoking status, leisure time physical activity, general health, psychosocial and physical work environment factors
-
Model 1: adjusted for variables excluding work environment factors
-
Model 2: adjusted for all variables
|
|
-
Model 1:
-
RR (95% CI):
-
1.03 (0.80 to 1.32)
-
1.31 (1.13 to 1.51)
-
0.97 (0.80 to 1.18)
-
1.17 (0.84 to 1.62)
-
1.26 (1.03 to 1.55)
-
0.91 (0.69 to 1.20)
|
| Fixed evening workers had a significantly increased risk for taking a ≥2-week and a ≥8-week sick leave spell in model 1. When additionally adjusting for work environment factors (model 2), the increased risk was still evident for ≥2-week sick leave spells, but not for ≥8-week sick leave spells |
|
Tüchsen et al
36
| 67% | Cox proportional hazards model |
-
Age, sex, children, education, work sector, establishment size, replacement policy, full-time work, overtime, 3 day sick leave without certificate rule.
-
Model 1: age adjusted
-
Model 2: fully adjusted
|
-
≥2 wks
-
Men:
-
Women:
-
≥8 wks
-
Men:
-
Women:
|
|
-
Model 2:
-
HR (95% CI):
-
0.92 (0.71 to 1.18)
-
0.90 (0.71 to 1.14)
-
1.33 (0.91 to 1.94)
-
1.13 (0.81 to 1.59)
| After adjusting for age, only shift working men showed a significantly increased risk for taking a ≥8-week sick leave spell in a year. In model 2 this association was ameliorated |
|
Case-control studies |
Kleiven et al
38
| 76% | Logistic regression, stratification | Age, sex, seniority |
-
OR (95% CI):
-
Minor mental illness: 1.04 (0.64 to 1.70)
-
Gastrointestinal diseases: 1.02 (0.64 to 1.63)
-
Coronary heart disease: 0.75 (0.42 to 1.31)
-
Musculoskeletal disease: 1.14 (0.92 to 1.40)
-
Neoplasm: 0.75 (0.29 to 1.94)
| No significant difference was found between 3-shift workers and day workers for taking sick spells lasting >3 days |
Bourbonnais et al
39
| 59% | χ2 Tests, multiple logistic regression | Duration of stay, nurse to patient ratio, job title, interaction between nurse to patient ratio and job title, job classification |
-
Proportion ≥1 sick leave spells of ≥6–8 days:
-
OR (95% CI)
-
Night shifts: 1.96 (1.14 to 3.36)
-
Evening shifts: 1.67 (1.02 to 2.75)
-
Rotating shifts: 1.43 (0.88 to 2.31)
| Working night and evening shifts significantly increased the odds for sick leave, rotating shifts showed a meaningfully increased odds |
Cross-sectional studies |
Higashi et al
40
| 67% | Mantel–Haenszel test | Age |
| 3-Shift workers had a significantly lower percentage of sick leave spells than day workers, but not % lost work days |
Niedhammer et al
41
| 62% | Logistic regression | Age, decision latitude, psychological demands, social support, bullying, aggression from public, occupation, work status, work hours, and physical-, ergonomic-, biological- and chemical exposure |
-
Men: OR (95% CI)
-
Fixed night: 1.11 (0.89 to 1.38)
-
Shift excluding nights: 1.26 (1.09 to 1.45)
-
Shift including nights: 1.24 (1.04 to 1.49)
-
Women: OR (95% CI)
-
Fixed night: 1.07 (0.79 to 1.45)
-
Shift excluding nights: 1.03 (0.86 to 1.23)
-
Shift including nights: 1.29 (0.91 to 1.83)
| Men working shifts including nights, as well as shifts excluding nights, showed a significantly increased odds for taking sick leave. No associations were found for women |
Böckerman and Laukkanen42
| 54% | Logistic regression | Sex, work sector, education, children at home, company size, replacement, work hours, match in work hours, sick leave policy | Marginal effect: 0.075 (p=0.045) | Participation in shift or period work significantly increases the prevalence of sickness absenteeism by 8% |
Ohayon et al
43
| 54% | χ2, logistic regression | Age, sex, profession, children at home, daytime sleepiness, sleep duration, circadian rhythm disorders, obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome, insomnia disorder |
| 2-Shift workers had a significantly increased OR for sick leave than day workers. No difference was found between night time/rotating shifts and day workers |
Eyal et al
44
| 54% | RR | Age | RR to take ≧20 days sick leave: 1.3 (p<0.05) |
|
| Blue-collar shift workers had a significantly increased RR for sick leave |