Self-reported exposure | JEM-assessed exposure | |||
Never or occasional | Regular | No exposure | Exposure | |
No malformations (n = 2897) | 1904 | 810 | 2154 | 576 |
Nervous system (n = 4) | 1 | 3 | 3 | 1 |
OR (95% CI) | 1 | 7.05 (0.7 to 67.9) | 1 | 1.25 (0.1 to 12.0) |
OR* (95% CI) | 1 | 6.58 (0.7 to 63.9) | 1 | 1.30 (0.1 to 12.5) |
Cardiac malformations (n = 6) | 5 | 1 | 5 | 1 |
OR (95% CI) | 1 | 0.47 (0.1 to 4.0) | 1 | 0.75 (0.1 to 6.4) |
OR† (95% CI) | 1 | 0.47 (0.1 to 4.0) | 1 | 0.75 (0.1 to 6.5) |
Oro-facial clefts (n = 8) | 3 | 5 | 2 | 6 |
OR (95% CI) | 1 | 3.92 (0.9 to 16.4) | 1 | 11.22 (2.3 to 55.7) |
OR‡ (95% CI) | 1 | 3.60 (0.8 to 16.0) | 1 | 12.85 (2.6 to 64.7) |
Urinary malformations (n = 13) | 4 | 7 | 6 | 6 |
OR (95% CI) | 1 | 4.11 (1.2 to 14.1) | 1 | 3.74 (1.2 to 11.6) |
OR§ (95% CI) | 1 | 2.18 (0.6 to 8.0) | 1 | 3.40 (1.1 to 10.8) |
Male genital malformations¶ (n = 12) | 5 | 7 | 8 | 4 |
OR (95% CI) | 1 | 3.43 (1.1 to 10.9) | 1 | 1.98 (0.6 to 6.6) |
OR** (95% CI) | 1 | 3.57 (1.1 to 11.4) | 1 | 2.06 (0.6 to 6.9) |
Limb malformations (n = 20) | 12 | 7 | 15 | 5 |
OR (95% CI) | 1 | 1.37 (0.5 to 3.5) | 1 | 1.24 (0.5 to 3.4) |
OR‡ (95% CI) | 1 | 1.46 (0.6 to 3.9) | 1 | 1.29 (0.5 to 3.6) |
Other major malformations (n = 8) | 7 | 1 | 8 | 0 |
OR (95% CI) | 1 | 0.34 (0.0 to 2.7) | ||
OR* (95% CI) | 1 | 0.32 (0.0 to 2.6) | – | – |
*Adjusted for tobacco and alcohol consumption.
†Adjusted for alcohol consumption.
‡Adjusted for maternal age, tobacco and alcohol consumption and education level.
§Adjusted for maternal age, tobacco consumption and education level.
¶Analyses restricted to boys only.
**Adjusted for tobacco and alcohol consumption and preterm birth.
JEM, job-exposure matrix; OR, odds ratio.