| Self-reported exposure | JEM-assessed exposure | |||||||
| Never | Occasional | Regular | p Value | No exposure | Medium exposure | High exposure | p Value for trend | |
| No malformations (n = 2897) | ||||||||
| 1358 | 546 | 810 | 2154 | 493 | 83 | |||
| Major malformations (chromosomal and genetic malformations excluded) (n = 69) | 22 | 14 | 30 | 46 | 16 | 6 | ||
| OR (95% CI) | 1 | 1.58 (0.8 to 3.1) | 2.29 (1.4 to 4.0) | 1 | 1.52 (0.9 to 2.7) | 3.38 (1.4 to 8.1) | ||
| OR* (95% CI) | 1 | 1.66 (0.8 to 3.3) | 2.48 (1.4 to 4.4) | 0.002 | 1 | 1.54 (0.9 to 2.7) | 3.48 (1.4 to 8.4) | 0.005 |
| Chromosomal and genetic malformations (n = 15) | 6 | 5 | 4 | 13 | 2 | |||
| OR (95% CI) | 1 | 2.07 (0.6 to 2.80 | 1.12 (0.6 to 3.9) | 1 | 0.58 (0.1 to 2.6) | |||
| OR* (95% CI) | 1 | 2.21 (0.7 to 7.4) | 1.31 (0.3 to 4.9) | 0.67 | 1 | 0.54 (0.1 to 2.4) | ||
| Minor malformations (n = 34) | 13 | 6 | 13 | 27 | 5 | |||
| OR (95% CI) | 1 | 1.15 (0.4 to 3.0) | 1.68 (0.8 to 3.6) | 1 | 0.69 (0.3 to 1.8) | |||
| OR* (95% CI) | 1 | 1.05 (0.4 to 2.8) | 1.45 (0.6 to 3.3) | 0.38 | 1 | 0.71 (0.3 to 1.9) | ||
*Adjusted for maternal age, tobacco and alcohol consumption and education level.
JEM, job-exposure matrix; OR, odds ratio.