Mortality outcome* | Total cohorts | Phenoxy herbicide cohorts | ||||||
Pooled estimate(95% CI) | No. of studies | Between study variance | Test for hetero-geneity p value | Pooled estimate(95% CI) | No. of studies | Between study variance | Test for hetero-geneity p value | |
All-cause | 0.94 (0.881 to 1.002) | 37 | 0.022 | <0.001 | 1.00 (0.902 to 1.105) | 20 | 0.028 | <0.001 |
All malignant neoplasms | 1.06 (0.986 to 1.149) | 36 | 0.013 | 0.055 | 1.10 (0.986 to 1.228) | 20 | 0.011 | 0.187 |
Buccal cavity and pharynx (Ca) | 1.42 (1.014 to 1.999) | 28 | 0.101 | 0.279 | 1.48 (0.942 to 2.309) | 20 | 0.248 | 0.149 |
Digestive organs and peritoneum (Ca) | 1.07 (0.952 to 1.199) | 36 | 0.002 | 0.437 | 1.05 (0.892 to 1.230) | 20 | <0.001 | 0.565 |
Oesophagus (Ca) | 1.64 (1.198 to 2.244) | 26 | <0.001 | 0.792 | 1.57 (1.088 to 2.253) | 20 | <0.001 | 0.755 |
Stomach (Ca) | 1.2 (0.979 to 1.476) | 32 | <0.001 | 0.597 | 1.07 (0.821 to 1.392) | 20 | <0.001 | 0.932 |
Lower intestine (Ca) | 0.95 (0.758 to 1.202) | 31 | <0.001 | 0.990 | 0.90 (0.646 to 1.265) | 20 | <0.001 | 0.977 |
Rectum (Ca) | 1.37 (1.071 to 1.762) | 28 | <0.001 | 0.788 | 1.34 (0.959 to 1.861) | 20 | <0.001 | 0.875 |
Liver and biliary passage (Ca) | 1.21 (0.883 to 1.654) | 28 | <0.001 | 0.930 | 0.85 (0.566 to 1.283) | 20 | <0.001 | 1.000 |
Pancreas (Ca) | 1.13 (0.85 to 1.497) | 28 | <0.001 | 0.931 | 1.23 (0.864 to 1.748) | 20 | <0.001 | 0.735 |
Respiratory system (Ca) | 1.26 (1.093 to 1.45) | 36 | 0.065 | 0.003 | 1.34 (1.128 to 1.596) | 20 | 0.029 | 0.191 |
Larynx (Ca) | 1.58 (1.086 to 2.31) | 23 | <0.001 | 0.710 | 1.51 (1.006 to 2.278) | 20 | <0.001 | 0.667 |
Bronchus, trachea and lung (Ca) | 1.22 (1.054 to 1.414) | 32 | 0.051 | 0.030 | 1.28 (1.076 to 1.518) | 20 | 0.022 | 0.252 |
STS | 1.13 (0.752 to 1.703) | 22 | <0.001 | 0.995 | 0.96 (0.621 to 1.492) | 20 | <0.001 | 1.000 |
Skin (Ca) | 1.09 (0.759 to 1.572) | 26 | <0.001 | 0.996 | 0.91 (0.596 to 1.402) | 20 | <0.001 | 1.000 |
Breast (Ca) | 1.14 (0.805 to 1.61) | 20 | <0.001 | 0.887 | 1.29 (0.893 to 1.849) | 17 | <0.001 | 0.987 |
Ovarian (Ca) | 0.93 (0.516 to 1.681) | 10 | <0.001 | 1.000 | 0.93 (0.516 to 1.681) | 10 | <0.001 | 1.000 |
Prostate (Ca) | 1.03 (0.796 to 1.327) | 29 | <0.001 | 0.979 | 1.16 (0.851 to 1.57) | 20 | <0.001 | 0.998 |
Testis (Ca) | 1.61 (0.989 to 2.614) | 20 | 0.270 | 0.182 | 1.72 (0.936 to 3.157) | 16 | 0.553 | 0.078 |
Bladder (Ca) | 1.24 (0.878 to 1.761) | 29 | 0.177 | 0.167 | 1.18 (0.777 to 1.793) | 20 | 0.136 | 0.264 |
Kidney (Ca) | 1.17 (0.871 to 1.583) | 30 | <0.001 | 0.758 | 1.22 (0.844 to 1.771) | 20 | <0.001 | 0.863 |
Brain and CNS (Ca) | 1.01 (0.751 to 1.356) | 30 | <0.001 | 0.989 | 0.93 (0.638 to 1.358) | 20 | <0.001 | 1.000 |
Thyroid (Ca) | 1.19 (0.777 to 1.827) | 20 | <0.001 | 0.919 | 1.24 (0.780 to 1.966) | 17 | <0.001 | 0.812 |
Lymphatic and haematopoietic (Ca) | 1.34 (1.117 to 1.597) | 33 | <0.001 | 0.995 | 1.42 (1.086 to 1.852) | 20 | <0.001 | 0.921 |
Lymphoma (Ca) | 1.98 (1.451 to 2.692) | 26 | 0.079 | 0.278 | 2.01 (1.377 to 2.927) | 20 | 0.077 | 0.322 |
Hodgkin’s disease (Ca) | 1.13 (0.772 to 1.642) | 26 | <0.001 | 0.962 | 1.15 (0.742 to 1.783) | 20 | <0.001 | 0.886 |
Multiple myeloma (Ca) | 1.26 (0.894 to 1.769) | 25 | <0.001 | 0.994 | 1.24 (0.822 to 1.862) | 20 | <0.001 | 0.989 |
Leukaemia (Ca) | 1.08 (0.805 to 1.444) | 30 | <0.001 | 1.000 | 1.02 (0.707 to 1.463) | 20 | <0.001 | 1.000 |
Diabetes mellitus | 0.84 (0.402 to 1.77) | 3 | <0.001 | 0.558 | ||||
Cardiovascular disease | 0.91 (0.842 to 0.991) | 35 | 0.023 | <0.001 | 0.99 (0.869 to 1.121) | 20 | 0.033 | 0.003 |
Coronary heart disease | 0.99 (0.9 to 1.097) | 25 | 0.018 | 0.038 | 1.08 (0.931 to 1.244) | 17 | 0.031 | 0.027 |
Cerebrovascular disease | 1.05 (0.885 to 1.246) | 24 | 0.031 | 0.198 | 0.90 (0.743 to 1.080) | 17 | <0.001 | 0.762 |
Respiratory disease (non-ca) | 0.95 (0.781 to 1.146) | 33 | 0.110 | 0.004 | 0.91 (0.681 to 1.211) | 20 | 0.136 | 0.031 |
Bronchitis, emphysema and asthma | 1.08 (0.859 to 1.351) | 23 | <0.001 | 0.870 | 1.06 (0.814 to 1.381) | 16 | <0.001 | 0.799 |
Cirrhosis | 1.19 (0.742 to 1.899) | 7 | 0.188 | 0.052 | ||||
External causes | 1.02 (0.879 to 1.174) | 35 | 0.065 | 0.002 | 1.22 (0.999 to 1.484) | 20 | 0.049 | 0.088 |
Accidents | 1.01 (0.873 to 1.164) | 31 | <0.001 | 0.964 | 1.17 (0.906 to 1.516) | 20 | <0.001 | 0.993 |
Suicide | 0.99 (0.765 to 1.275) | 29 | 0.127 | 0.046 | 1.21 (0.882 to 1.671) | 20 | 0.120 | 0.102 |
Homicide | 1.16 (0.898 to 1.505) | 21 | 0.103 | 0.065 | 1.30 (0.984 to 1.720) | 16 | 0.069 | 0.171 |
Ca, cancer; STS, soft tissue sarcoma.