Table 1 Characteristics of each cohort

Paper	Mortality (M)/cancer incidence (CI)	Country	Number of subjects	% Males	%White	Employed during	End of follow-up	Occupational setting	Major chemicals used or produced
Acquavella (1996)	M	USA	1036	81	100	1961–93	1993	Acetanilide herbicide manufacture	Alachlor
	CI		1025	81	100	1969–93	1993
Amoateng-Adjepong (1995)	M	USA	2384	90	97	1952–82	1991	Pesticide manufacturing	Organochlorines (aldrin, dieldrin, endrin)
									Organophosphates (azodrin, vapona)
									Dibromochloropropane
Becher (1996)*	M	Germany				1952–89	1989	Phenoxy herbicides; chlorophenol
(1)			135	100	NS†			Bayer Uerdingen plant	2,4,5-TCP
(2)			520	100	NS			Bayer Dormagen plant	2,4-D; 2,4-DP; 2,4,-DCP; 2,4,5-T; 2,4,5-TP; MCPA; MCPP
(3)			680	100	NS			BASF Ludwigshafen plant	2,4,-D; 2,4-DP; 2,4,5-T; MCPA; MCDP
Brown (1992)	M	USA				1965–87	1987	Organochlorine pesticides
(1)			405	100	100			Illinois plant	Chlordane
(2)			305	100	100			Tennessee plant	Heptachlor; endrin
(3)			328	100	100			California plant	DDT
Burns (2001)	M	USA	1517	100	NS	1945–94	1994	Manufacture, formulation or packing of 2,4-D	2,4-D; 2,4,5-T; MCPA; Silvex
Cheng (1993)‡	M	China	144	NS§	0	1974–90	1990	Pentachlorophenol production	Pentachlorophenol; PCDD; PCDF
De Jong (1991)¶	CI	Netherlands	434	NS	NS	1979–90	1990	Organochlorine insecticide manufacture	Aldrin; dieldrin; endrin; telodrin
Flesch-Janys (1998)*	M	Germany	1189	100	100	1952–92	1992	Boehringer Ingleheim phenoxy herbicide plant	PCDDs; PCDFs
Hooiveld (1998)**	M	Netherlands	1156	92	NS	1955–85	1991	Phenoxy herbicide manufacture	Chlorophenoxy herbicides; 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy acetic acid; TCCD; PCDD
IARC (1992)†† (1)	M	Austria	128	98	NS	1971–87	1987	Phenoxy herbicide manufacture	2,4,D; MCPA; 2,4,5-T; 2,4,5-TCP; 2,4,5-TCP; PCDD; TCDD
IARC (1992) (2)	M	Denmark	3833	79	NS	1947–81	1982	Phenoxy herbicide manufacture	2,4,D; MCPA; 2,4,5-T; 2,4-DP; MCPP
IARC (1992) (3)	M	Denmark	614	60	NS	1951–81	1981	Phenoxy herbicide manufacture	MCPA; 2,4-DP
IARC (1992) (4)	M	Finland	58	53	NS	1939–84	1985	Phenoxy herbicide manufacture	2,3,4,6-TCP
IARC (1992) (5)	M	Italy	325	93	NS	1970–76	1986	Phenoxy herbicide manufacture	2,4,5-TCP
IARC (1992) (6)	M	Italy	81	51	NS	1967–84	1986	Phenoxy herbicide manufacture	2,4-D; MCPA
IARC (1992) (7)	M	Netherlands	1142	92	NS	1965–86	1986	Phenoxy herbicide manufacture	2,4-D; 2,4-DP; MCPA; MCPP
IARC (1992) (8)	M	New Zealand	1026	92	NS	1969–84	1987	Phenoxy herbicide manufacture	2,4,5-T; 2,4-D; MCPA; 2,4,5-TCP; 2,4,6-TCP
IARC (1992) (9)	M	Sweden	269	84	NS	1965–78	1986	Phenoxy herbicide manufacture	2,4,5-T; 2,4-D; 2,4-DP; MCPA; MCPP; DCP; 2,4,5-TCP; 2,4,6-TCP
IARC (1992) (10)	M	UK	1474	100	NS	1947–75	1987	Phenoxy herbicide manufacture	2,4-D; 2,4-DB, MCPA; MPCB; MCPP; 2,4-DP
IARC (1992) (11)	M	UK	145	100	NS	1949–81	1985	Phenoxy herbicide manufacture	PCP
IARC (1992) (12)	M	UK	1140	100	NS	1975–85	1987	Phenoxy herbicide manufacture	2,4,5-T; 2,4,5-TP; 2,4-D; 2,4-DB; 2,4-DP; MCPA; MCPB; PCPP
IARC (1992) (13)	M	UK	271	100	NS	1969–85	1987	Phenoxy herbicide manufacture	2,4-D; 2,4-DB; 2,4-DP; MCPA; MCPB; MCPP
IARC (1992) (14)	M	UK	345	100	NS	1963–84‡‡	1987	Phenoxy herbicide manufacture	2,4-D; MCPB
IARC (1992) (15)	M	UK	485	100	NS	1969–85	1987	Phenoxy herbicide manufacture	2,4,5-T; 2,4-D; 2,4,5-DP; MCPA; MCPP
Lynge (1985)	CI	Denmark	4459	76	NS	Plant 1:	1982	Phenoxy herbicide	2,4-D; MCPA; 2,4,5-T; 2,4-DP;
						1933–81;		production	MCPP
						plant 2:
						1951–81
Mabuchi (1980)	M	USA	1393	75	NS	1946–77	1977	Pesticide manufacture	Arsenical pesticides; arsenic acid; lead arsenate
MacLennan (2002)	CI	USA	2045	90	68	1985–92	1997	Triazine herbicide manufacture	Altrazine; chlordimeform
MacLennan (2003)	M	USA	2213	91	67	1970–97	1997	Triazine herbicide manufacture	Altrazine
Olsen (1995)	M	USA	509	100	NS	1957–77	1989	Exposure to DBCP	DBCP
Ott (1980) (1)	M	USA	99	100	NS	1942–69	1976	EDP manufacturing unit	Ethylene dibromide (EDP); bromine; ethylene; sulphur dioxide; chlorine
Ott (1980) (2)	M	USA	57	100	NS	1920–76	1976	EDP manufacturing unit	EDB; bromine; ethylene; hydrogen; iodine; ammonia; silica; copper; vinyl bromide; acetate; nickel acetate
Popp (1992)§§	CI	Germany	49	100	NS	1965–86	1990	Synthesis of chlordimeform	4-Chloro-o-toluidine
Ramlow (1996)	M	USA	770	100	95	1940–89	1989	Workers exposed to PCDDs	PCDD; trichlorophenol; 2,4,5 trichlorophenoxyacetic acid; pentachlorophenol; other chlorophenols
Rapiti (1997)	M	Italy	505	100	NS	1952–70	1991	Multiple chemical production including organic chemicals and insecticides	Acid mists; detergents; organochlorines; organophosphates; phthalic anhydride; maleic anhydride
Sobel (1988)	M	USA	611	100	NS	1919–56	1982	Arsenic-containing insecticide manufacture	Lead arsenate; copper arsenate; calcium arsenate; copper acetoarsenate; magnesium arsenate
Swaen (2002)	M	Netherlands	570	100	NS	1954–70	2000	Insecticide production	Aldrin; dieldrin
Thiess (1981)	M	Germany	602	NS	NS	1928–80	1980	Alkylene oxide production	Ethylene oxide; propylene oxide; other alkylene oxides; butylenes oxide; dioxane; epichlorohydrin; dichloropropane; ethylene chlorohydrin; propylene chlorohydrin

*Included in IARC pooled analysis by Kogevinas et al 1997 (2); †non-German workers were excluded; ‡data only available for all causes of death; §not stated but probably all male; ¶data only available for all malignant neoplasms; **included in IARC pooled analyses (1) and (2); ††internal report relating to IARC (1991) (1) giving separate results for each cohort; ‡‡1982–84 formulators and packers; 1967–84 handymen; 1963–84 process workers; §§data only available for cancer of the bladder.
NS, not stated.