| Reference | Sampling frame | Sample | Partici-pation* | Follow-up time | Data collection | Exposure, dimension (number of questionnaire items) | Baseline prevalence of depression or depressive symptoms | Diagnostic criteria | ||||||||
| Studies based upon clinical DSM criteria | ||||||||||||||||
| Michelsen and Bildt, 200327 (Sweden) | Urban population | Employees, n = 367 | 89% | 24 months | Face-to-face interview | Mental load (1) | 11–13 % | Modified ICD-8/DSM-III (psychologist/psychiatrist) | ||||||||
| Monotonous work (1) | ||||||||||||||||
| Hectic work (1) | ||||||||||||||||
| Social support (1) | ||||||||||||||||
| Tokuyama et al, 200323 (Japan) | Insurance company | White collar workers, n = 1265 | 50–62% | 1 year | Questionnaire | Job overload (1) | 3–7% | DSM-IV criteria (⩾5 of 8 symptoms, self-rating depression scale >40) | ||||||||
| Difficult job (1) | ||||||||||||||||
| Inadequate evaluation of contribution (1) | ||||||||||||||||
| Problems with co-workers (1) | ||||||||||||||||
| Work events (6) | ||||||||||||||||
| O’Campo et al, 200419 (USA) | Population | Employees, n = 659 | 73% | 13 years | Face-to-face interview | Psychological job demands (9) | 28.5% | Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS), DSM-III criteria | ||||||||
| Decision latitude (17) | ||||||||||||||||
| Wang, 200529 (Canada) | General population | Employees, n = 6663 | 94% | 2 years | Face-to-face and telephone interviews | Work stress (6 JCQ dimensions, 12 items) | 2–3% | Composite Diagnostic Interview - short form for major depression | ||||||||
| Wieclaw et al, 200625 (Denmark) | Population | Employees, n = 173 826 | >99% | 1 year | Registry linkage | Work related violence (2) | 1/1000 person years | ICD-10, hospital referral for depression | ||||||||
| Threats (2) | ||||||||||||||||
| (job exposure matrix) | ||||||||||||||||
| Shields, 200622 (Canada) | Population | Employees, n = 6125 | 89% | 2 years | Face-to-face interview | Job strain (5) | 3–6% | Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), DSM-III-R criteria | ||||||||
| Plaisier et al, 200720 (Netherlands) | Population | Employees, n = 2646 | 87% | 2 years | Face-to face interview | Psychological job demands (5) | 2 year incidence: 3.2–6.2% | Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), DSM-III-R criteria | ||||||||
| Decision latitude (11) | ||||||||||||||||
| Job security (3) | ||||||||||||||||
| Daily emotional support (5) | ||||||||||||||||
| Studies based upon depressive symptom scales, self-reported doctor diagnoses or prescription of antidepressant medication | ||||||||||||||||
| Kawakami et al, 199217 (Japan) | Electrical company | Blue collar workers, n = 468 | >83% | 1 year | Questionnaire | Job overload (4) | 12% | Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, score >48 defined cases | ||||||||
| Lack of control (1) | ||||||||||||||||
| Job unsuitability (1) | ||||||||||||||||
| Poor human relationships (3) | ||||||||||||||||
| Niedhammer et al, 199818 (France) | Electricity and gas company | Employees, n = 11 552 | 86% | 5 years | Questionnaire | Psychological demands (6) | 25–28% | Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (20 items) | ||||||||
| Decision authority (6) | ||||||||||||||||
| Social support (5) | ||||||||||||||||
| Stressful events (7) | ||||||||||||||||
| Griffin et al, 200216 (UK) | Public service | Civil servants, n = 7270 | 87% | 5 years | Questionnaire | Decision latitude (15 from JCQ) | 25–33% | GHQ-28 4 item subscale | ||||||||
| Kivimaki et al, 200328 (Finland) | Hospitals | Employees, n = 5432 | 81% | 2 years | Questionnaire | Bullying (1) | 8% | Doctor-diagnosed depression (self-report) | ||||||||
| Ylipaavalniemi et al, 200526 (Finland) | Hospitals | Employees, n = 4815 | 82% | 2 years | Questionnaire | Job demands (4) | NA | Doctor-diagnosed depression (self-report) | ||||||||
| Decision latitude (8) | ||||||||||||||||
| Team climate (13) | ||||||||||||||||
| Procedural injustice (7) | ||||||||||||||||
| Relational injustice (6) | ||||||||||||||||
| Godin et al, 200515 (Belgium) | Four public or private companies | Predominantly white collar workers, n = 1986 | 37% | 1 year | Questionnaire, self-reports | Effort reward imbalance (16 items) | 25% | Symptom check list (16 items for depression) | ||||||||
| Excess commitment (6) | ||||||||||||||||
| Rugulies et al, 200621 (Denmark) | Danish population | Employees, n = 4133 | 83% | 5 years | Telephone interview | Quantitative demands (1) | 2.5% | Sf36 MHI-5 | ||||||||
| Support supervisors (1) | ||||||||||||||||
| Support colleagues (1) | ||||||||||||||||
| Influence (3) | ||||||||||||||||
| Skill discretion (3) | ||||||||||||||||
| Job insecurity (4) | ||||||||||||||||
| Clays et al, 200714 (Belgium) | Nine companies or public administrations | Employees, n = 2821 | 67% | 6.6 years | Self-administered questionnaire | Psychological job demands (5) | 11.8% | Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (11 items) | ||||||||
| Decision latitude (9) | ||||||||||||||||
| Social support (8) | ||||||||||||||||
| Virtanen et al, 200724 (Finland) | Population | Employees, n = 3366 | 83% | 3 years | Face-to-face interview | Psychological job demands (5) | 6–12% | Prescription of antidepressant medication (ATC code N06A) | ||||||||
| Decision latitude (9) | ||||||||||||||||
*Proportion of eligible participating in baseline study/follow-up study.
JCQ, Job Contents Questionnaire.