Pollutant | All | Gender | Race | Education | |||
Male | Female | White | Hispanic | High school graduate | Non-high school graduate | ||
PM2.5 | 3† | – | 2†, 3† | 3* | 1†, 3† | – | 0†, 3† |
Elemental carbon | 2† | 2* | 3* | 2† | – | 2* | 3† |
Organic carbon | – | – | 3† | 2† | – | – | 3† |
Nitrates | 3* | – | 3* | – | 1†, 3† | – | 0†, 3* |
Sulphates | 3† | 0* | – | 3* | 1† | – | 0†, 2† |
Calcium | – | – | 2* | – | – | – | – |
Chlorine | – | – | – | – | 2† | – | – |
Copper | – | – | – | – | 1†, 3* | – | 1† |
Iron | 2† | – | 2†, 3* | 2† | – | 2* | 3† |
Potassium | 2* | – | 2† | 2† | 1† | – | 1†, 2* |
Sulphur | 3* | 0† | 2† | 0* | 3* | – | 0†, 2† |
Silicon | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3† |
Titanium | 2* | – | 2* | 2† | 1† | – | 1† |
Zinc | 3† | 0†, 2† | 3† | 3† | – | – | 3† |
PM, particulate matter.
*p<0.10 and †p<0.05 for difference from null effect.
‡Numbers in the table indicate which lags (of 0 to 3 days) were statistically significant. Bold indicates that the lag also produced a significantly greater effect estimate (p<0.10) in this group versus the corresponding demographic subgroup. The regression model includes time (4 df/year), 1-day lags of temperature and humidity, day of week and pollutant.