Associations between parental education and subjective (questionnaire) and objective (GIS model) assessment of exposure to traffic related air pollutants in Munich (Germany) and the Netherlands
| Parental education | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low | Medium | High | ||||
| n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | |
| Total traffic at home address | ||||||
| Munich | ||||||
| Low | 16 | (4.0) | 68 | (16.8) | 321 | (79.3) |
| Medium | 4 | (2.5) | 13 | (8.0) | 145 | (89.5) |
| High | 3 | (2.9) | 20 | (19.4) | 80 | (77.7) |
| p value* | 0.0410 | |||||
| The Netherlands urban‡ | ||||||
| None/not many | 22 | (5.4) | 85 | (20.8) | 302 | (73.8) |
| Moderate | 39 | (9.8) | 107 | (27.0) | 251 | (63.2) |
| Many | 27 | (10.0) | 83 | (30.7) | 160 | (59.3) |
| p value* | 0.0007 | |||||
| GM | (GSD) | GM | (GSD) | GM | (GSD) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *χ2 test. | ||||||
| †Trend test (two sided). | ||||||
| ‡Degree of urbanisation 1 and 2. | ||||||
| GIS based exposure | ||||||
| Munich | ||||||
| PM2.5 (μg/m3) | 12.9 | (1.1) | 13.6 | (1.1) | 13.3 | (1.1) |
| p value† | 0.6441 | |||||
| PM2.5 abs (10−5m−1) | 1.63 | (1.2) | 1.78 | (1.2) | 1.73 | (1.2) |
| p value† | 0.6885 | |||||
| NO2 (μg/m3) | 24.8 | (1.2) | 28.1 | (1.3) | 27.0 | (1.2) |
| p value† | 0.8134 | |||||
| The Netherlands urban‡ | ||||||
| PM2.5 (μg/m3) | 17.7 | (1.1) | 17.7 | (1.1) | 17.9 | (1.1) |
| p value† | 0.2258 | |||||
| PM2.5 abs (10−5m−1) | 1.91 | (1.2) | 1.88 | (1.2) | 1.89 | (1.2) |
| p value** | 0.7082 | |||||
| NO2 (μg/m3) | 29.6 | (1.2) | 28.6 | (1.3) | 29.2 | (1.2) |
| p value† | 0.7341 | |||||