Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for brain cancer by ever-use of individual pesticides among adult male farmers
| Overall | Self | Proxy | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controls | Cases | Controls | Cases | Controls | Cases | |||||||
| n | OR* | 95% CI | n | OR† | 95% CI | n | OR† | 95% CI | ||||
| ORs for pesticides with more than five exposed brain cancer cases are shown. Inf, infinity. | ||||||||||||
| *Odds ratio adjusted for age (⩽49, 50–59, 60–69, ⩾70) and respondent type. | ||||||||||||
| †Odds ratio adjusted for age (⩽49, 50–59, 60–69, ⩾70). | ||||||||||||
| ‡Reference category: non-farmers. | ||||||||||||
| §Nitrosatable pesticides. | ||||||||||||
| ¶Nitrosatable pesticides with experimental evidence of carcinogenicity or were likely to be carcinogenic. | ||||||||||||
| Non-farmers | 112 | 49 | 1.0 | Ref‡ | 40 | 20 | 1.0 | Ref‡ | 72 | 29 | 1.0 | Ref‡ |
| Herbicides | ||||||||||||
| 2,4,5-T§¶ | 17 | 7 | 1.3 | 0.5–3.6 | 8 | 2 | 0.4 | 0.1–2.3 | 9 | 5 | 2.7 | 0.7–9.8 |
| 2,4-D§¶ | 56 | 32 | 1.8 | 1.0–3.3 | 24 | 7 | 0.6 | 0.2–1.6 | 32 | 25 | 3.3 | 1.5–7.2 |
| Alachlor | 28 | 20 | 2.0 | 1.0–4.0 | 13 | 7 | 0.9 | 0.3–2.6 | 15 | 13 | 3.3 | 1.3–8.5 |
| Atrazine§ | 38 | 25 | 2.1 | 1.1–4.0 | 20 | 7 | 0.7 | 0.2–2.0 | 18 | 18 | 4.2 | 1.7–10.3 |
| Bentazon | 5 | 6 | 3.0 | 0.8–10.9 | 2 | 3 | 3.9 | 0.5–32.1 | 3 | 3 | 2.4 | 0.4–13.1 |
| Butylate§ | 4 | 5 | 2.8 | 0.7–11.5 | 4 | 2 | 1.2 | 0.2–7.7 | 0 | 3 | Inf | – |
| Chloramben | 8 | 5 | 1.9 | 0.6–6.6 | 4 | 2 | 0.9 | 0.1–5.7 | 4 | 3 | 3.1 | 0.6–17.3 |
| Cyananzine§ | 12 | 7 | 1.6 | 0.6–4.5 | 6 | 2 | 0.6 | 0.1–3.2 | 6 | 5 | 3.0 | 0.8–12.1 |
| Dicamba§ | 26 | 11 | 1.2 | 0.5–2.7 | 13 | 3 | 0.5 | 0.1–1.9 | 13 | 8 | 2.0 | 0.7–5.7 |
| EPTC§¶ | 21 | 12 | 1.6 | 0.7–3.6 | 8 | 2 | 0.5 | 0.1–2.6 | 13 | 10 | 2.7 | 0.97–7.4 |
| Glyphosate§¶ | 32 | 17 | 1.5 | 0.7–3.1 | 17 | 4 | 0.4 | 0.1–1.6 | 15 | 13 | 3.1 | 1.2–8.2 |
| Metolachlor§ | 14 | 6 | 1.2 | 0.4–3.6 | 8 | 2 | 0.4 | 0.1–2.3 | 6 | 4 | 2.6 | 0.6–11.3 |
| Metribuzin | 9 | 9 | 3.4 | 1.2–9.7 | 3 | 5 | 3.3 | 0.6–16.8 | 6 | 4 | 2.9 | 0.7–12.7 |
| Paraquat | 1 | 5 | 11.1 | 1.2–101.2 | 1 | 2 | 4.3 | 0.3–60.7 | 0 | 3 | Inf | – |
| Pendimethalin | 5 | 7 | 4.0 | 1.1–14.2 | 3 | 1 | 0.6 | 0.1–6.6 | 2 | 6 | 11.2 | 1.9–67.1 |
| Propachlor§ | 20 | 11 | 1.5 | 0.6–3.4 | 8 | 3 | 0.7 | 0.2–2.9 | 12 | 8 | 2.3 | 0.8–6.8 |
| Trifluralin§¶ | 14 | 17 | 3.2 | 1.4–7.3 | 7 | 5 | 1.2 | 0.3–4.3 | 7 | 12 | 5.9 | 1.9–18.2 |
| Insecticides | ||||||||||||
| Aldrin | 19 | 7 | 1.7 | 0.6–4.8 | 8 | 2 | 0.7 | 0.1–4.0 | 11 | 5 | 3.2 | 0.9–11.6 |
| Benzene Hexachloride | 6 | 6 | 2.8 | 0.8–9.6 | 2 | 2 | 2.5 | 0.3–22.7 | 4 | 4 | 3.1 | 0.7–14.8 |
| Bufencarb§¶ | 1 | 5 | 18.9 | 1.9–187.3 | 0 | 1 | Inf | – | 1 | 4 | 18.7 | 1.7–207.6 |
| Carbaryl§¶ | 28 | 13 | 1.4 | 0.6–3.1 | 12 | 2 | 0.3 | 0.1–1.5 | 16 | 11 | 3.0 | 1.1–7.9 |
| Carbofuran§¶ | 23 | 12 | 1.4 | 0.6–3.2 | 14 | 6 | 0.9 | 0.3–2.8 | 9 | 6 | 2.1 | 0.6–6.8 |
| Chlordane | 27 | 14 | 1.8 | 0.8–4.1 | 11 | 2 | 0.4 | 0.1–1.8 | 16 | 12 | 3.8 | 1.4–10.4 |
| Chlorpyrifos | 1 | 10 | 22.6 | 2.7–191.7 | 0 | 1 | Inf | – | 1 | 9 | 22.8 | 2.6–199.6 |
| Coumaphos | 2 | 5 | 5.9 | 1.1–32.2 | 1 | 2 | 3.6 | 0.3–44.2 | 1 | 3 | 8.8 | 0.8–93.2 |
| DDT | 35 | 18 | 1.8 | 0.9–3.6 | 14 | 3 | 0.5 | 0.1–2.0 | 21 | 15 | 3.2 | 1.3–8.0 |
| Diazinon | 22 | 11 | 1.4 | 0.6–3.3 | 12 | 4 | 0.6 | 0.2–2.4 | 10 | 7 | 2.5 | 0.8–8.1 |
| Dieldrin | 17 | 4 | 0.9 | 0.3–3.1 | 7 | 0 | – | – | 10 | 4 | 2.1 | 0.5–8.2 |
| Disulfoton | 4 | 5 | 3.1 | 0.8–12.9 | 2 | 3 | 2.7 | 0.4–18.1 | 2 | 2 | 2.8 | 0.3–24.6 |
| Famphur§¶ | 12 | 7 | 1.8 | 0.6–5.0 | 8 | 4 | 1.0 | 0.3–4.2 | 4 | 3 | 2.9 | 0.5–16.3 |
| Fonofos | 17 | 17 | 2.8 | 1.2–6.1 | 9 | 5 | 0.9 | 0.3–3.3 | 8 | 12 | 5.7 | 1.9–17.0 |
| Heptachlor | 13 | 8 | 2.4 | 0.9–6.8 | 4 | 2 | 1.1 | 0.2–7.5 | 9 | 6 | 3.6 | 1.0–12.6 |
| Lindane | 20 | 13 | 2.2 | 1.0–5.3 | 8 | 4 | 1.1 | 0.3–4.3 | 12 | 9 | 3.5 | 1.2–10.4 |
| Malathion | 29 | 16 | 2.0 | 0.9–4.2 | 12 | 5 | 0.8 | 0.2–2.8 | 17 | 11 | 3.4 | 1.2–9.3 |
| Nicotine§¶ | 16 | 7 | 1.9 | 0.7–5.5 | 4 | 0 | – | – | 12 | 7 | 3.4 | 1.1–11.0 |
| Phorate | 17 | 9 | 1.6 | 0.6–4.1 | 9 | 4 | 0.9 | 0.2–3.5 | 8 | 5 | 2.4 | 0.7–8.8 |
| Terbufos | 18 | 17 | 2.7 | 1.2–6.0 | 13 | 5 | 0.7 | 0.2–2.5 | 5 | 12 | 9.8 | 2.8–34.0 |