Characteristic (% in all) | Prevalence rates (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Males (n = 5569) | Females (n = 4371) | ||
*p<0.01, **p<0.001; χ2 test comparing the prevalence rate of OA in individuals who have the characteristic to the rate of those who do not (not shown). | |||
†Occupations classified as having regular physical demand.11 | |||
‡Regular handling of persons or heavy objects such as lifting and carrying. | |||
§Regular use of force with tools or machines. | |||
¶Regular repetitive motion of hands and arms at fast pace. | |||
††Regular exposure to vibrations from hand tools. | |||
‡‡Body mass index (kg/m2) ⩾27. | |||
§§Current regular or occasional smokers, and ex-smokers. | |||
Employed | (69.1) | 2.9%** | 4.4%** |
Manual work† | (32.2) | 4.1%** | 3.8% |
Heavy handling‡ | (16.2) | 3.0% | 5.7% |
Force with tools§ | (16.8) | 3.8%* | 7.4%* |
Repetitive motion¶ | (18.5) | 4.3%* | 3.5% |
Vibrations†† | (8.4) | 4.4%* | 6.4% |
Potential confounders | |||
Excess weight‡‡ | (29.3) | 4.4%** | 5.9%* |
Smoking§§ | (71.0) | 3.5%** | 4.8% |