Viikari-Juntura, Finland, 1991 (10) | 154; NR* | Historic cohort, population based | Job satisfaction | Not reported | Pain. Standardised Nordic Questionnaire | Age, sex, physical workload, education | NR* |
Ready, Canada, 1993 (11) | 119; 23%, 5% | Random sample of nurses employed at large health centre | Stress level | Own instrument | Accident reports filed by employees | Age, fitness level, smoking, weight, alcohol intake | NS** |
Job satisfaction | NS** |
Niedhammer, France, 1994 (12) | 469; NR* | Randomly selected nurses from acute care in six French hospitals | Loss of enthusiasm for job | Own instrument | Symptoms from entire spine during previous 12 months | Age, sex, physical workload | NS** |
Psychosocial factors at work | NS** |
Leino, Finland, 1995 (13) | 411; NR* | Systematic, non-proportionate >sampling of workers at machine producing factory | Work content | Own instrument | Pain. Standardised Nordic Questionnaire | Age, sex, physical workload, occupational class | S*** |
Work control | S*** |
Social relations | S*** |
Overstrain | S*** |
Papageorgiou, UK, 1997 (14) | 1412; 59%, 18% | General population, employed and free from back pain in past month | Job satisfaction | Own instrument | Any pain below ribs and above gluteal fold past 12 months | Age | 2.0 (1.7–3.3) |
Relationships at work | 0.9 (0.3–3.0) |
†van Poppel, Holland, 1998 (15) | 238; 82%, 63% | All manual handling workers from Shiphol Airport Cargo Department | Job satisfaction |
Questionnaire by Dijkstra
| Pain or sick leave due to LBP past three months | Age, history of LBP, time riding forklift truck | 1.2 (1.01–1.4) |
†Feuerstein, USA, 1999 (16) | 174; 49%, 49% | Back related disability from army Physical Disability Agency | Stress Job satisfaction |
Health Risk Appraisal Questionnaire
| Disability due to LBP | Age, sex, physical workload, rank, group membership | 2.71 (1.36–5.38) |
| NS** |
Bildt C, Sweden, 2000 (17) | 788; 62%, 54% | Previous participants in population based survey | Low occupational pride | Own instrument | LBP > seven days during follow-up period but not previously | Age | F M |
2.2 S 1.5 NS** |
Job strain | | | 2.3 S 2.2 NS** |
On job development | | | 2.6 S 1.4 NS** |
Education at employers expense | | | 1.7 S 0.8 NS** |
Low occupational pride | | LBP > seven days during follow-up period and previously | | 1.6 NS 1.5 NS** |
Job strain | | | 1.7 NS 2.1 NS** |
On job development | | | 1.9 S 1.2 NS** |
Education at employers expense | | | 1.8 S 1.2 NS** |
†Feyer, Australia, 2000 (18) | 694; 100%, NR* | Two consecutive first year intake of student nurses | Job satisfaction |
General Health Questionnaire
| “History of LBP” | Age, sex, history of LBP, work history, BMI, smoking, exercise | 0.98 (0.95–1.00) |
†Hoogendoorn, Holland, 2001 (19) | 861; 87%, 72% | Workers from 34 companies throughout the Netherlands | Quantitative demands |
Karasek job content questionnaire
| Standardised Nordic Questionnaire | Age, sex, physical workload, smoking, BMI, exercise, coping skills | 1.41 NS** |
| Conflicting demands | 1.37 NS** |
| Decision authority | 0.98 NS** |
| Job satisfaction | | | 1.75 NS** |
| Skill discretion | | | 0.97 NS** |
| Supervisor support | | | 1.24 NS** |
| Co-worker support | | | 1.65 NS** |
Shannon, Canada, 2001 (20) | 900; NR*, 48% | Random sample of hospital workers | Job influence |
Questionnaire by Greenberger and Greenhalgh and own
| Back/buttock pain past week | Backwards stepwise regression with multiple variables | S*** |
| Decision latitude | NS** |
| Social support | NS** |
| Job demands | NS** |
| Job insecurity | NS** |
Torp, Norway, 2001 (21) | 721; 75%, 26% | Workers from 226 Norwegian garages | Psychological demands |
Karasek job content questionnaire
| Pain severity and duration past 30 days | Age, sex | NS** |
| Decision authority | | S*** |
| Social support | | NS** |
| Management support | | S*** |
Elfering, Switzerland, 2002 (22) | 46; NR, 85% of baseline | Initially asymptomatic subjects with lower extr. injuries | Low supervisor support | Questionnaire by Caplan et al | Standardised Nordic Questionnaire | Physical workload, impairment, pain intensity, number of episodes | S*** |
High colleague support | S*** |
†Elfering, Switzerland, 2002 (23) | 186; 76%, 61% | Young nurses participating in other longitudinal study | Time control | Own questionnaire, questionnaires by Caplan et al and Oegerli et al | Standardised Nordic Questionnaire | Age, sex, physical workload, problems at baseline, BMI, leisure time sport, smoking, general health | 2.19 (1.04–4.61) |
Social support | NS** |
Social stressors | NS** |
Job satisfaction | NS** |
Gonge, Denmark, 2002 (24) | 157; 89%, 85% | All employees in three Danish municipalities working in residential home care for elderly or handicapped people | Time pressure | Own questionnaire | LBP today, ten point Likert scale | | NS** |
Stress | | NS** |
Support | | NS** |
Appreciation from clients | | NS** |
Total mental exertion | | NS** |
Latza, Germany, 2002 (25) | 571; NR, 86% | Convenience sample of Hamburg bricklayers | Monotonous work | Own 5 point scales | LBP >90 days past year | Age, sex | 1.50 (0.86–2.62) |
Time pressure | | 1.70 (0.92–3.15) |
Job control | | 1.39 (0.69–2.83) |
Social support | | 1.00 NS** |
Satisfaction with achievements | | 2.07 (1.10–3.88) |
†Gonge, Denmark, 2002 (26) | 273; 84%/73% | Nurses in elderly care in three Danish municipalities | Time pressure | Own questionnaire, questionnaires by Kivimöki et al and North et al | LBP today | Age, physical exertion, smoking, neuroticism | 0.80 (0.30–2.00) |
Emotional demands | 1.00 (0.40–2.70) |
Social support | 1.50 (0.50–4.20) |
Yip, Hong Kong, 2002 (27) | 337; NR/70% of baseline | Enrolled students or registered nurses working in same job for at least one month | Relationship with colleagues |
Questionnaires by Bigos and Goldberg
| New or recurrent LBP | Age, sex, physical workload, smoking, alcohol, sociodemographic data, exercise | 1.85 (1.00–3.42) |
Relationship with supervisor | NS** |
Satisfied with work | NS** |
Stress at work | NS** |
Enjoy work | NS** |