Associations between different lags of particulate air pollution, NO2, CO, and urinary CC16; percentage change (95% CI) in ln(CC16/creatinine) per change in pollutant concentration
| Amsterdam | Erfurt | Helsinki | Pooled estimate | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| *, p<0.05; †, p<0.01; ‡, p<0.001. | ||||
| §Test for heterogeneity between centres, p<0.1. | ||||
| ¶Test for heterogeneity between centres, p<0.05. | ||||
| **Test for heterogeneity between centres, p<0.01. | ||||
| NC 0.01–0.1 (10000/cm3) | ||||
| lag 0 | 9.1 (−6.5 to 24.7) | 1.2 (−6.7 to 9.0) | −1.6 (−14.0 to 10.7) | 1.7 (−4.4 to 7.8) |
| lag 1 | 1.9 (−13.5 to 17.2) | −4.9(−13.4 to 3.6) | 2.7 (−10.3 to 15.7) | −1.8 (−8.3 to 4.6) |
| lag 2 | 11.3 (−4.3 to 26.9) | −0.9 (−10.2 to 8.4) | −1.7 (−16.9 to 13.6) | 1.5 (−5.6 to 8.6) |
| lag 3 | 7.3 (−8.7 to 23.2) | −1.0 (−10.4 to 8.3) | 6.3 (−8.4 to 20.9) | 2.3 (−4.8 to 9.3) |
| 5-day mean | 18.4 (−8.0 to 44.8) | −5.8 (−19.8 to 8.1) | 12.4 (−14.0 to 38.9) | 1.8 (−9.4 to 13.0) |
| NC 0.1–1 (1000/cm3) | ||||
| lag 0 | 1.7 (−6.6 to 9.9) | 3.7 (−5.4 to 12.7) | 15.5 (0.001 to 30.9)* | 4.3 (−1.4 to 10.0) |
| lag 1 | 6.6 (−2.0 to 15.3) | 1.5 (−7.2 to 10.2) | 10.8 (−4.2. 25.8) | 5.1 (−0.6 to 10.7) |
| lag 2 | 6.0 (−2.2 to 14.1) | 2.0 (−5.1 to 9.1) | 10.5 (−4.1 to 25.1) | 4.5 (−0.5 to 9.6) |
| lag 3 | −0.05 (−7.2 to 7.2) | −1.0 (−7.0 to 5.1) | 17.4 (3.4 to 31.4)* | 1.6 (−3.5 to 6.7)§ |
| 5-day mean | 7.8 (−6.2 to 21.9) | 0.4 (−10.4 to 11.2) | 43.2 (17.4 to 69.0)† | 13.1 (−4.3 to 30.5)¶ |
| PM2.5 (10 μg/m3) | ||||
| lag 0 | 2.2 (−3.8 to 8.1) | 1.4 (−3.4 to 6.1) | 23.3 (6.3 to 40.3)† | 2.8 (−1.1 to 6.7)¶ |
| lag 1 | 3.9 (−2.5 to 10.3) | 2.1 (−2.4 to 6.5) | 6.4 (−8.2 to 21.1) | 2.9 (−0.6 to 6.5) |
| lag 2 | 3.0 (−3.6 to 9.5) | −0.1 (−4.4 to 4.2) | 20.2 (6.9 to 33.5)† | 5.0 (−2.4 to 12.4)¶ |
| lag 3 | 1.5 (−7.6 to 4.7) | −1.5 (−5.9 to 2.8) | 17.6 (4.3 to 30.9)† | 1.6 (−4.7 to 7.9)¶ |
| 5-day mean | 1.9 (−7.0 to 10.9) | 0.7 (−5.6 to 7.0) | 38.8 (15.8 to 61.8)‡ | 9.7 (−6.0 to 25.4)** |
| NO2 (10 μg/m3) | ||||
| lag 0 | 3.5 (−2.3 to 9.3) | 3.8 (−3.6 to 11.2) | 3.2 (−5.1 to 11.4) | 3.5 (−0.5 to 7.5) |
| lag 1 | 2.3 (−3.4 to 8.0) | 2.1 (−5.3 to 9.6) | 1.2 (−7.3 to 9.6) | 2.0 (−2.0 to 6.0) |
| lag 2 | 5.0 (−0.4 to 10.4) | 1.1 (−6.0 to 8.3) | −1.0 (−10.3 to 8.4) | 2.8 (−1.1 to 6.7) |
| lag 3 | 1.4 (−4.1 to 6.9) | −1.2 (−7.5 to 5.1) | 9.2 (0.1 to 18.3)* | 1.8 (−1.9 to 5.6) |
| 5-day mean | 6.3 (−3.3 to 15.9) | 0.1 (−10.5 to 10.7) | 13.1 (−4.1 to 30.4) | 4.9 (−1.6 to 11.5) |
| CO (mg/m3) | ||||
| lag 0 | 28.2 (−25.5 to 81.8) | 3.3 (−25.0 to 31.5) | 56.8 (−10.1 to 124) | 14.6 (−8.8 to 37.9) |
| lag 1 | 30.9 (−29.5 to 91.2) | −9.9 (−40.3 to 20.4) | 11.8 (−50.8 to 74.4) | 0.4 (−24.4 to 25.2) |
| lag 2 | 48.4 (−10.2 to 107) | −8.1 (−42.7 to 26.5) | 15.0 (−47.5 to 77.6) | 8.1 (−18.7 to 34.9) |
| lag 3 | 24.0 (−30.5 to 78.4) | −5.5 (−34.7 to 23.7) | 34.5 (−23.5 to 92.5) | 6.6 (−16.8 to 30.1) |
| 5-day mean | 60.8 (−28.7 to150) | −11.9 (−52.9 to 29.0) | 65.0 (−25.2 to 155) | 10.1 (−24.2 to 44.4) |