All studies
|
All studies (cohort, case-control, PMR) | 22 | 25 |
1.13
| 1.04 to 1.22 | 370.727 | <0.001 |
All studies excluding PMR | 18 | 21 |
1.09
| 1.00 to 1.19 | 271.805 | <0.001 |
Study design
|
Cohort
|
All studies | 11 | 14 |
1.13
| 1.02 to 1.24 | 236.773 | <0.001 |
SMR | 4 | 4 | 1.37 | 0.81 to 2.32 | 15.156 | 0.002 |
SIR | 7 | 10 | 1.06 | 0.97 to 1.17 | 189.255 | <0.001 |
Case-control
|
All studies | 7 | 7 | 0.98 | 0.71 to 1.37 | 34.948 | <0.001 |
OR | 6 | 6 | 1.06 | 0.76 to 1.48 | 18.294 | 0.003 |
MOR | 1 | 1 |
0.7
| 0.6 to 0.9 | – | – |
Geographic location
|
Europe
|
All studies | 9 | 12 | 0.98 | 0.93 to 1.02 | 38.595 | <0.001 |
Cohort | 6 | 9 | 0.98 | 0.94 to 1.03 | 34.229 | <0.001 |
SMR | 2 | 2 | 0.93 | 0.60 to 1.42 | 0.104 | 0.747 (fixed) |
SIR | 4 | 7 | 0.98 | 0.94 to 1.03 | 34.061 | <0.001 |
Case-control |
OR | 3 | 3 |
0.73
| 0.55 to 0.97 | 0.406 | 0.816 (fixed) |
US/Canada
|
All studies | 8 | 8 |
1.50
| 1.08 to 2.07 | 88.134 | <0.001 |
Cohort | 4 | 4 |
1.93
| 1.76 to 2.13 | 4.860 | 0.182 (fixed) |
SMR | 2 | 2 |
1.89
| 1.13 to 3.16 | 4.052 | 0.044 |
SIR | 2 | 2 |
1.90
| 1.71 to 2.11 | 0.202 | 0.653 (fixed) |
Case-control | 4 | 4 | 1.21 | 0.75 to 1.96 | 29.578 | <0.001 |
OR | 3 | 3 |
1.43
| 1.20 to 1.71 | 2.584 | 0.275 (fixed) |
MOR | 1 | 1 |
0.7
| 0.6 to 0.9 | – | – |
Others
|
SIR | 1 | 1 |
0.61
| 0.37 to 0.95 | – | – |
Outcome
|
Incidence
|
All studies | 13 | 16 | 1.07 | 0.98 to 1.17 | 212.611 | <0.001 |
SIR | 7 | 10 | 1.06 | 0.97 to 1.17 | 189.255 | <0.001 |
OR | 6 | 6 | 1.06 | 0.76 to 1.48 | 18.294 | 0.002 |
Mortality
|
All studies | 5 | 5 | 1.15 | 0.63 to 2.11 | 56.339 | <0.001 |
SMR | 4 | 4 | 1.37 | 0.81 to 2.32 | 15.156 | 0.002 |
MOR | 1 | 1 |
0.7
| 0.6 to 0.9 | – | – |
Reference population
|
Cohort studies
|
National/regional | 11 | 14 |
1.13
| 1.02 to 1.24 | 236.773 | <0.001 |
PMR | 4 | 4 |
1.23
| 1.09 to 1.38 | 26.945 | <0.001 |
Case to control
|
Hospital | 2 | 2 | 0.76 | 0.56 to 1.04 | 0.027 | 0.870 (fixed) |
Cancer | 1 | 1 |
1.43
| 1.161 to 1.761 | – | – |
General population | 3 | 3 | 0.95 | 0.47 to 1.95 | 12.507 | 0.0019 |
Cancer + general population* | 1 | 1 | 1.18 | 0.77 to 1.81 | – | – |
Healthy worker effect (HWE)†
|
Cohort studies (SMR+SIR) + HWE | 6 | 9 |
1.15
| 1.01 to 1.31 | 218.445 | <0.001 |
Cohort studies (SMR+SIR) − HWE | 2 | 2 | 0.86 | 0.58 to 1.28 | 0.547 | 0.460 (fixed) |
Occupation category
|
Pesticide applicators | 4 | 4 |
1.64
| 1.13 to 2.38 | 64.697 | <0.001 |
Farmers | 11 | 14 | 0.97 | 0.92 to 1.03 | 62.381 | <0.001 |
USA/Canada | 5 | 5 | 1.26 | 0.83 to 1.90 | 31.355 | <0.001 |
Europe | 6 | 9 | 0.96 | 0.92 to 1.01 | 28.923 | <0.001 |
Prostate cancer versus all cancer
|
All cancer | 8 | 11 |
0.80
| 0.77 to 0.84 | 128.275 | <0.001 |
Prostate cancer | 8 | 11 | 1.12 | 0.99 to 1.27 | 219.413 | <0.001 |