Tobacco | | Oropharynx, larynx, lung, oesophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, ureter, bladder, cervix |
| | |
Betel quid | | Oropharynx, oesophagus |
| | |
Diet | | |
Fat/calorie | | Colon, breast? prostate? |
Dietary fibre | | Colon |
Salt | | Stomach |
Vegetables/fruits* | Aflatoxins | Stomach and other organs |
| | |
Infection | | |
Viruses | | |
HBV/HCV | | Liver |
HPV/HSV-2 | | Cervix |
EBV | | Lymphatic system, nasopharynx |
HTLV-1 | | Haemato-lymphatic system (T cells) |
Parasites | | |
Schistosomiasis haematobium | | Urinary bladder |
Opisthorchis viverrini | | Liver (cholangioma) |
Clonorchis scinensis | | Liver |
Bacteria | | |
Helicobacter pylori | | Stomach |
| | |
Reproductive factors | | Breast |
| | |
Occupation | Auramine | Lung, skin, bladder |
| Coal tar | |
| Iron and steel founding | |
| Mineral oils | |
| Mustard gas | |
| Nickel | |
Alcohol | | Oropharynx, oesophagus, colon–rectum?, breast? |
| | |
Sunlight/radiation | | Skin |
| | |
Pollution | Arsenic and arsenic compounds | Lung |
| | |
Medicine and medical procedures | Oestrogen replace therapy | Haematopoietic system, breast |
| Oral contraceptives | |
Sexual behaviour | | Cervix |
| | |
Industrial products | | |
| | |
Food additives | | |
| | |
Obesity | | Breast |
| | |
Exercise* | | Colon–sigmoid |
| | |
Stress | | Stomach |