Work related mechanical risk factors and new onset low back pain*
| Univariate associations | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Logistic regression | GEE model 1 | GEE model 2 | ||||
| Exposure | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI |
| *Adjusted for gender, age group, and occupation. | ||||||
| Manual handling activities | ||||||
| Lifting with one hand | ||||||
| Never | 1 | Referent | 1 | Referent | 1 | Referent |
| ≤15 lb | 2.01 | 1.26 to 3.21 | 1.74 | 1.15 to 2.64 | 1.37 | 0.91 to 2.07 |
| >15 lb | 1.92 | 1.05 to 3.51 | 1.75 | 1.01 to 3.03 | 1.62 | 0.98 to 2.67 |
| Lifting with two hands | ||||||
| Never | 1 | Referent | 1 | Referent | 1 | Referent |
| ≤24 lb | 1.68 | 1.04 to 2.71 | 1.63 | 1.06 to 2.51 | 1.34 | 0.87 to 2.06 |
| >24 lb | 2.50 | 1.43 to 4.37 | 2.27 | 1.38 to 3.72 | 1.78 | 1.11 to 2.85 |
| Carrying on one shoulder | ||||||
| Never | 1 | Referent | 1 | Referent | 1 | Referent |
| ≤30 lb | 0.81 | 0.42 to 1.56 | 0.81 | 0.44 to 1.48 | 1.12 | 0.65 to 1.93 |
| >30 lb | 1.46 | 0.71 to 3.04 | 1.39 | 0.71 to 2.75 | 1.28 | 0.67 to 2.44 |
| Lifting at or above shoulder level | ||||||
| Never | 1 | Referent | 1 | Referent | 1 | Referent |
| ≤23 lb | 1.81 | 1.02 to 3.21 | 1.75 | 1.05 to 2.93 | 1.56 | 0.93 to 2.63 |
| >23 lb | 3.48 | 1.71 to 7.08 | 3.17 | 1.66 to 6.06 | 2.12 | 1.18 to 3.81 |
| Pushing | ||||||
| Never | 1 | Referent | 1 | Referent | 1 | Referent |
| ≤65 lb | 1.63 | 0.94 to 2.81 | 1.52 | 0.93 to 2.49 | 1.34 | 0.83 to 2.14 |
| >65 lb | 1.69 | 0.95 to 3.01 | 1.51 | 0.90 to 2.54 | 1.32 | 0.78 to 2.22 |
| Pulling | ||||||
| Never | 1 | Referent | 1 | Referent | 1 | Referent |
| ≤56 lb | 2.01 | 1.06 to 3.79 | 1.95 | 1.10 to 3.46 | 1.53 | 0.90 to 2.57 |
| >56 lb | 2.96 | 1.68 to 5.23 | 2.72 | 1.63 to 4.52 | 2.05 | 1.23 to 3.42 |
| Posture | ||||||
| Sitting | ||||||
| Do not sit as part of job | 1 | Referent | 1 | Referent | 1 | Referent |
| <2 hours | 0.57 | 0.33 to 1.00 | 0.59 | 0.35 to 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.61 to 1.61 |
| ≥2 hours | 0.62 | 0.37 to 1.02 | 0.64 | 0.41 to 1.01 | 0.89 | 0.55 to 1.42 |
| Standing | ||||||
| Do not stand as part of job | 1 | Referent | 1 | Referent | 1 | Referent |
| <15 minutes | 1.42 | 0.67 to 3.03 | 1.42 | 0.71 to 2.83 | 1.09 | 0.57 to 2.06 |
| 15 minutes to <2 hours | 1.98 | 0.95 to 4.10 | 2.00 | 1.03 to 3.89 | 1.55 | 0.83 to 2.88 |
| ≥2 hours | 2.37 | 1.09 to 5.13 | 2.27 | 1.12 to 4.59 | 1.75 | 0.90 to 3.40 |
| Drive as part of job | ||||||
| No | 1 | Referent | 1 | Referent | 1 | Referent |
| Yes | 1.29 | 0.66 to 2.51 | 1.27 | 0.69 to 2.33 | 1.14 | 0.67 to 1.94 |
| Kneeling | ||||||
| Never | 1 | Referent | 1 | Referent | 1 | Referent |
| <15 minutes | 1.02 | 0.61 to 1.70 | 1.00 | 0.63 to 1.60 | 1.40 | 0.91 to 2.16 |
| ≥15 minutes | 1.85 | 1.04 to 3.26 | 1.79 | 1.07 to 2.97 | 2.05 | 1.28 to 3.28 |
| Squatting | ||||||
| Never | 1 | Referent | 1 | Referent | 1 | Referent |
| <15 minutes | 1.40 | 0.86 to 2.27 | 1.37 | 0.88 to 2.11 | 1.11 | 0.73 to 1.70 |
| ≥15 minutes | 2.19 | 1.19 to 4.04 | 2.12 | 1.22 to 3.67 | 1.81 | 1.08 to 3.05 |
| Bending | ||||||
| Never | 1 | Referent | 1 | Referent | 1 | Referent |
| <15 minutes | 0.95 | 0.60 to 1.51 | 1.05 | 0.70 to 1.59 | 1.57 | 1.06 to 2.31 |
| ≥15 minutes | 1.27 | 0.80 to 2.01 | 1.31 | 0.87 to 1.97 | 1.26 | 0.83 to 1.93 |
| Stretching below knee level | ||||||
| Never | 1 | Referent | 1 | Referent | 1 | Referent |
| <15 minutes | 1.42 | 0.93 to 2.17 | 1.43 | 0.97 to 2.10 | 1.34 | 0.92 to 1.94 |
| ≥15 minutes | 1.28 | 0.67 to 2.45 | 1.22 | 0.67 to 2.22 | 0.91 | 0.50 to 1.68 |
| Working with hands above shoulder | ||||||
| Never | 1 | Referent | 1 | Referent | 1 | Referent |
| <15 minutes | 1.40 | 0.86 to 2.27 | 1.40 | 0.90 to 2.18 | 1.60 | 1.06 to 2.42 |
| ≥15 minutes | 1.49 | 0.91 to 2.45 | 1.43 | 0.91 to 2.24 | 1.56 | 0.99 to 2.46 |
| Repetitive movements | ||||||
| Repetitive arm/wrist movements | ||||||
| Never | 1 | Referent | 1 | Referent | 1 | Referent |
| <2 hours | 1.58 | 0.96 to 2.62 | 1.52 | 0.96 to 2.40 | 1.40 | 0.90 to 2.17 |
| ≥2 hours | 1.45 | 0.86 to 2.45 | 1.36 | 0.85 to 2.20 | 1.27 | 0.80 to 2.01 |