Meta-analysis results for three models: fixed effects, weighted random effects, and unweighted random effects
| Fixed effects | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Test | K | Effect size (95% CI) | K0 | Weighted random effects Effect size (95% CI) | Unweighted random effects Effect size (95% CI) |
| *Results were adjusted for the reliability coefficient reported in the literature, otherwise reliability coefficients assumed to be 1.0; †Random-effect model reduced to a fixed effect model; Bold print indicates significant results; K=number of studies (strata); K0=Fail safe N. | |||||
| Santa Ana preferred | 8 | −0.11 (−0.27 to 0.04) | −0.11 (−0.35 to 0.13) | −0.11 (−0.34 to 0.13) | |
| Santa Ana non-preferred hand | 6 | −0.12 (−0.30 to 0.05) | † (†) | † (†) | |
| Santa Ana both hands | 5 | 0.01 (−0.20 to 0.22) | 0.02 (−0.28 to 0.32) | 0.02 (−0.28 to 0.32) | |
| Block design test* | 11 | −0.10 (−0.23 to 0.03) | −0.12 (−0.26 to 0.03) | −0.14 (−0.32 to 0.04) | |
| Logical memory test* | 4 | 0.06 (−0.30 to 0.42) | 0.05 (−0.34 to 0.44) | 0.05 (−0.36 to 0.46) | |
| Digit symbol* | 13 | −0.16 (−0.28 to −0.04) | 45 | −0.32 (−0.59 to −0.05) | −0.33 (−0.64 to −0.02) |
| D2-errors | 6 | 0.28 (0.07 to 0.50) | 7 | 0.30 (0.06 to 0.55) | 0.31 (0.05 to 0.56) |
| D2-speed | 5 | 0.37 (0.14 to 0.60) | 8 | 0.37 (0.02 to 0.72) | 0.37 (−0.03 to 0.77) |
| Visual interference | 2 | −0.03 (−0.20 to 0.14) | −0.21 (−0.80 to 0.38) | −0.21 (−0.80 to 0.38) | |
| Similarities* | 6 | −0.09 (−0.25 to 0.07) | −0.18 (−0.49 to 0.13) | −0.17 (−0.46 to 0.12) | |
| Bento n visual retention* | 5 | −0.08 (−0.25 to 0.10) | −0.08 (−0.26 to 0.10) | −0.08 (−0.26 to 0.10) | |
| Paired associates* | 6 | −0.18 (−0.37 to 0.00) | −0.23 (−0.79 to 0.33) | −0.23 (−0.76 to 0.30) | |
| Visual reproduction* | 5 | −0.21 (−0.40 to −0.01) | −0.17 (−0.44 to 0.11) | −0.19 (−0.42 to 0.05) | |
| Flicker fusion | 8 | −0.09 (−0.26 to 0.09) | −0.02 (−0.27 to 0.24) | −0.01 (−0.27 to 0.24) | |
| Arithmetic* | 5 | −0.03 (−0.21 to 0.15) | † (†) | † (†) | |
| Information* | 5 | −0.12 (−0.28 to 0.04) | −0.19 (−0.46 to 0.09) | −0.18 (−0.43 to 0.07) | |
| Vocabulary* | 7 | −0.50 (−0.69 to −0.32) | 35 | −0.45 (−0.95 to 0.05) | −0.45 (−0.94 to 0.05) |
| Symbol digit learning | 6 | −0.08 (−0.23 to 0.08) | † (†) | † (†) | |
| Digit span backward* | 4 | −0.09 (−0.32 to 0.15) | † (†) | † (†) | |
| Digit span forward | 5 | −0.09 (−0.29 to 0.10) | −0.13 (−0.42 to 0.15) | −0.11 (−0.34 to 0.12) | |
| Digit span score* | 6 | −0.08 (−0.25 to 0.09) | 0 | −0.26 (−0.64 to 0.13) | −0.24 (−0.58 to 0.11) |
| Trail making A* | 8 | 0.23 (0.08 to 0.38) | 9 | 0.23 (0.00 to 0.45) | 0.23 (0.00 to 0.45) |
| Trail making B* | 8 | 0.35 (0.19 to 0.52) | 32 | 0.40 (−0.24 to 1.04) | 0.40 (−0.21 to 1.01) |
| Simple reaction time preferred hand | 14 | 0.11 (0.01 to 0.21) | 21 | 0.20 (−0.02 to 0.42) | 0.20 (−0.02 to 0.41) |
| Simple reaction time non-preferred hand | 3 | 0.35 (0.11 to 0.59) | 3 | † (†) | † (†) |
| Picture completion* | 6 | −0.17 (−0.34 to −0.01) | 9 | −0.37 (−0.78 to 0.04) | −0.35 (−0.70 to 0.00) |
| Grooved pegboard dominant hand* | 3 | 0.25 (0.07 to 0.42) | 2 | 0.21 (−0.44 to 0.85) | 0.22 (−0.30 to 0.74) |
| Grooved pegboard non-dominant hand* | 2 | 0.38 (0.19 to 0.56) | 9 | 0.50 (−0.03 to 1.04) | 0.50 (−0.03 to 1.04) |
| Eye-hand coordination | 5 | −0.13 (−0.25 to −0.01) | −0.13 (−0.26 to 0.00) | −0.12 (−0.29 to 0.06) | |
| Tapping rate non-dominant hand | 3 | −0.21 (−0.44 to 0.02) | −0.22 (−0.53 to 0.09) | −0.21 (−0.47 to 0.05) | |
| Tapping rate dominant hand | 4 | −0.21 (−0.42 to 0.01) | −0.21 (−0.42 to 0.01) | † (†) | |