Table 2

Hazard rate ratios (95% CI) of all-cause mortality in employed men and women aged 20–93 years by unemployment experience

	Unadjusted	Adjusted for individual level	Other individual variables* in model
Results from Cox’s proportional hazard models stratified by sex and with age as underlying time scale.
p values: test for linear trend.
*Adjusted for factors in table and smoking status (in five categories), physical activity (sedentary, active), BMI (in four categories), daily alcohol intake (in seven categories), cohabitant status (in two categories), and education (in four categories).
	15980 subjects (2861 deaths)
Area level
Unemployment rate
1st quartile (3.5–6.6%)	1	1	1
2nd quartile (6.6–8.8%)	1.14 (0.97 to 1.35)	1.14 (0.97 to 1.35)	1.11 (0.93 to 1.32)
3rd quartile (8.8–12.0%)	1.22 (1.02 to 1.49)	1.21 (1.01 to 1.44)	1.12 (0.92 to 1.36)
4th quartile (12.0–24.9%)	1.38 (1.16 to 1.63)	1.35 (1.14 to 1.60)	1.16 (0.97 to 1.37)
	p<0.001	p<0.001	p=0.082
Individual level
Unemployed in 1980
No (85%)	1	1	1
Yes (15%)	1.35 (1.23 to 1.49)	1.34 (1.21 to 1.47)	1.24 (1.11 to 1.37)
	11770 subjects (1318 deaths)
Area level
Unemployment rate
1st quartile (3.5–6.6%)	1	1	1
2nd quartile (6.6–8.8%)	1.23 (1.04 to 1.45)	1.21 (1.03 to 1.43)	1.14 (0.76 to 1.39)
3rd quartile (8.8–12.0%)	1.29 (1.06 to 1.58)	1.27 (1.04 to 1.55)	1.25 (1.02 to 1.54)
4th quartile (12.0–24.9%)	1.43 (1.20 to 1.71)	1.38 (1.16 to 1.64)	1.23 (1.03 to 1.46)
	p<0.001	p<0.001	p=0.033
Individual level
Number of years unemployed 1980–85
No (73.3%)	1	1	1
<1 y (15.6%)	0.99 (0.84 to 1.17)	0.98 (0.83 to 1.16)	0.91 (0.76 to 1.09)
1–2 y (5.3%)	1.40 (1.12 to 1.75)	1.38 (1.10 to 1.73)	1.16 (0.92 to 1.47)
2–6 y (5.9%)	1.74 (1.47 to 2.06)	1.70 (1.43 to 2.02)	1.45 (1.21 to 1.74)
	p<0.001	p<0.001	p<0.001