Cadmium in breast milk and infant growth at birth according to concentration of maternal urinary cadmium
| Maternal urinary Cd | ||
|---|---|---|
| <2 μg/gCr | ≥2 μg/gCr | |
| *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001 subjects with urinary Cd ≥2 nmol/mmolCr v <2 nmol/mmolCr. | ||
| Subjects (n) | 45 | 12 |
| Maternal age (y, mean (SD)) | 28.5 (4.1) | 33.0 (4.4)** |
| Nullipara (n (%)) | 25 (55.6) | 4 (30.8) |
| Smoking habit (n (%)) | 6 (13.3) | 2 (16.7) |
| Cd in breast milk (nmol/l, mean (SD)) | 2.8 (1.7) | 4.6 (2.5)* |
| Gestational age (weeks, mean (SD)) | 39.1 (1.3) | 37.0 (2.9)** |
| Infant growth at birth | ||
| Height (cm, mean (SD)) | 49.2 (2.6) | 47.2 (3.6)* |
| Weight (g, mean (SD)) | 3099 (432) | 2663 (680)** |
| Head circumference (cm, mean (SD)) | 33.2 (1.2) | 32.3 (2.1) |
| Chest circumference (cm, mean (SD)) | 32.1 (2.0) | 31.4 (2.7) |
| Low birth weight infant (<2500 g, n (%)) | 3 (6.7) | 5 (41.7)** |
| Small for date infant (n (%)) | 3 (6.7) | 1 (8.3) |
| Early delivery (gestational age <38 weeks, n (%)) | 4 (8.9) | 5 (41.7)* |
| Cesarean section (n (%)) | 4 (8.9) | 7 (58.3)*** |