Population registry | Birth certificate | Health | Janitors | Hydrocephalus | 5.04 (1.23 to 20.64)* |
based case-control | | surveillance | | Ventricular septal defect | 2.45 (1.10 to 5.45)* |
study22ā24 | | registry | | Other heart defects | 2.35 (1.07 to 5.13)* |
| | | | Down's syndrome | 3.26 (1.02 to 10.44)* |
| | | Painters | Spina bifida | 3.21 (0.91 to 11.36) |
| | | | Patent ductus arteriosus | 2.34 (1.00 to 5.45)* |
| | | | Cleft palate | 3.36 (1.19 to 9.46)* |
| | | Forestry and logging workers | Cataract | 2.28 (1.29 to 4.02)* |
| | | | Atrial septal defect | 2.03 (1.35 to 3.05)* |
| | | | Hypospadias | 1.83 (1.24 to 2.71)* |
| | | Plywood mill workers | Patent ductus arteriosus | 2.52 (1.08 to 5.87)* |
| | | | Pyloric stenosis | 4.12 (1.41 to 12.07)* |
| | | | Dislocation of lip | 2.71 (1.08 to 6.81)* |
| | | Sawmill workers | Down's syndrome | 1.43 (0.90 ā2.66) |
| | | Printers | Atresia of urethra | 4.50 (0.97 to 20.81) |
| | | | Clubfoot | 2.18 (1.17 to 4.05)* |
| | | Fire fighters | Ventricular septal defects | 2.70 (1.02 to 7.18)* |
| | | | Atrial septal defect | 5.91 (1.60 to 21.83)* |
| | | Mechanics | Down's syndrome | 3.27 (1.57 to 6.80)* |
| | | Farm managers or workers | Down's syndrome | 2.03 (1.25 to 3.03)* |
| | | Material moving equipment operators | Down's syndrome | 1.88 (0.93 to 3.82) |
| | | Food processors | Down's syndrome | 1.79 (0.96 to 3.31) |
| | | Sheet metal workers, iron workers, and other metal workers | Down's syndrome | 1.57 (0.92 to 2.69) |
| | | | | |
Population based | Interview | Congenital | Firemen | Cleft lip | 13.3 (4.0 to 44.4)* |
case-control study25,26 | | malformation | | Other heart anomalies | 4.7 (1.2 to 17.8)* |
| | programme | | Hypospadias | 2.6 (1.1 to 6.2)* |
| | | | Clubfoot | 2.9 (1.4 to 6.0)* |
| | | Painters | Atrial septal defect | 2.7 (1.0 to 7.4)* |
| | | Farmers | Cleft lip and palate | 3.3 (0.9 to 11.9) |
| | | Janitors | Reduction defects upper limb | 3.6 (1.0 to 13.5)* |
| | | Carpenters, wood workers | Atrial septal defects | 3.6 (1.3 to 9.8)* |
| | | Electricians, electrical workers | Coarctation of aorta | 3.0 (1.2 to 7.5)* |
| | | Sheet metal, other metal workers | Cleft lip and palate | 2.5 (1.1 to 5.7)* |
| | | | Patent ductus arteriosus | 1.8 (1.0 to 3.5)* |
| | | | Gall bladder, liver anomalies | 3.5 (1.0 to 12.6)* |
| | | Motor vehicle operators | Small intestine atresia/stenosis | 2.5 (1.0 to 6.4)* |
| | | Printers | Cleft palate | 2.1 (0.9 to 4.7) |
| | | | Gall bladder, live anomalies | 9.0 (2.2 to 37.9)* |
| | | | Hip dislocation | 6.7 (2.1 to 21.5)* |
| | | Electronic equipment operators | Reduction defects upper limb | 4.2 (1.3 to 13.7)* |
| | | Food processors | Hydrocephalus | 3.3 (1.2 to 8.8)* |
| | | | Down's syndrome | 3.1 (1.3 to 7.6)* |
| | | Policemen, guards | Transposition of great vessels | 3.3 (1.1 to 9.8)* |
| | | | Hypospadias | 2.3 (1.2 to 4.5)* |
| | | | Hip dislocation | 3.8 (1.3 to 11.8)* |
| | | Vehicle manufacturers | Anencephalus | 4.6 (1.9 to 11.1)* |
| | | | Spina bifida | 2.5 (1.0 to 6.3)* |
| | | | Cleft lip | 4.7 (1.4 to 15.7)* |
| | | | Rectum, anus atresia/stenosis | 5.1 (1.3 to 19.2)* |
| | | | Hypospadias | 2.1 (1.0 to 4.4)* |
| | | | Down's syndrome | 3.0 (1.1 to 8.6)* |
| | | | Other heart anomalies | 3.3 (0.9 to 12.5) |
| | | Anaesthetic gases exposure | Decreased risk for birth defects | 0.4 (0.21 to 0.98) |
| | | | | |
Population based | Interview | | Jewelry marking | Atrial septal defect | 12.6 (2.3 to 68.6)* |
case-control | | | | Membranous ventricular septal defect | 8.1 (2.0 to 33.3)* |
investigation27 | | | Welders | Endocardial cushion defect with Down's syndrome | 1.8 (1.1 to 3.0)* |
| | | Lead soldering | Pulmonary atresia | 2.3 (1.1 to 4.9)* |
| | | Ionising radiation exposure | Endocardial cushion defect without Down's syndrome | 4.7 (1.7 to 12.6)* |
| | | | Endocardial cushion defect with Down's syndrome | 5.6 (1.7 to 17.9)* |
| | | | Coarctation of the aorta | 3.5 (1.5 to 8.0)* |
| | | Paint stripping | Muscular ventricular septal defect | 3.5 (1.5 to 8.5)* |
| | | | Hypoplastic left heart | 11.9 (2.4 to 60.0)* |
| | | | | |
Matched case-control | Linkage with | Congenital | Fire fighters | Selected cardiac congenital anomalies | 1.22 (0.46 to 3.33) |
study28 | another cohort | Anomalies | | | |
| study | Surveillance System | | | |
Survey29 | Interview | Interview | Food and beverage processing | Developmental defects | 8.02 (O/E), p<0.05 |
| | | | | |
Multicentre30 | Postal | Review | Low exposure to welding fumes | Spina bifida | 1.6 (1.0 to 2.6)* |
case-referent study | questionnaire, | medical records | Low exposure to UV radiation | Spina bifida | 2.6 (1.2 to 5.6)* |
| telephone | | during welding | Spina bifida | 1.7 (0.7 to 4.0) |
| interview | | Moderate or high pesticide exposure | Spina bifida | 2.0 (0.8 to 5.2) |
| | | Stainless steel dust exposure | | |
Cohort?35 | Interview | Interview | Orthopaedic surgeons, obstetricians, and gynaecologists | Birth defects | p<0.01 |
| | | | | |
Nested case-control | Expert raters' | Multiple linkage | Exposure to chlorophenate wood | Developing congenital anomalies | >1, p<0.05 |
study38 | estimation | | preservatives in the sawmill | of eye/genital organs | |
| | | industry | Anencephaly/spina bifida | |
Cohort?40 | Minnesota | Birth registry | Private pesticide appliers | Circulatory/respiratory anomalies | p=0.05 |
| Department of | | | Urogenital anomalies | p=0.02 |
| agriculture (MDA) | | | Musculoskeletal/integumental anomalies | p=0.02 |
| | | | | |
Prevalence survey42 | Interview, Company records | Medical registers | Pesticide exposure | General birth defects | 1.53 (1.04 to 2.25)* |