Study (ref)9-150 | Definition and source of asbestos exposure | Definition of smoking exposure | Statistic9-151 | Exposure group | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A−S− | A+S− | A−S+ | A+S+ | |||||||
Neuberger and Kundi9-152 30 | All workers: work history and dust measurements | Cigarettes/day smoked | ||||||||
McDonald et al 24 | ⩾60 million particles per cubic foot×years: work history and dust measurements | Everv never smoked cigarettes | O | 11 | 146 | |||||
E | 18.03 | 87.43 | ||||||||
SMR | [0.15] | 0.61 | [1.07] | 1.67 | ||||||
RR | 1.00 | 4.07 | [7.13] | 11.13 | ||||||
Berryet al (1960–70)1 | Severe: work history | Ever v never smoked cigarettes | O | 1 | 43 | |||||
ES | 0.2 | 14.2 | ||||||||
SMR | [0.15] | 0.75 | [1.07] | 3.24 | ||||||
RR | 1.00 | 5.00 | [7.13] | 21.60 | ||||||
Berryet al (1971–80)1 | Severe: work history | Ever v never smoked cigarettes | O | 0 | 43 | |||||
ES | 0.06 | 15.88 | ||||||||
SMR | [0.15] | 0 | [1.07] | 2.90 | ||||||
(men) | RR | 1.00 | 0 | [7.13] | 19.33 | |||||
(women) | O | 3 | 12 | |||||||
ES | 0.20 | 2.52 | ||||||||
SMR | [0.15] | 2.25 | [1.07] | 5.10 | ||||||
RR | 1.00 | 15.00 | [7.13] | 33.97 | ||||||
Achesonet al 27 | Medium or heavy: work history and dust measurements | Everv never smoked | O | 1 | 21 | |||||
E | 1.10 | 9.00 | ||||||||
SMR | [0.15] | 0.91 | [1.07] | 2.33 | ||||||
RR | 1.00 | 6.07 | [7.13] | 15.53 | ||||||
Oksaet al 31 | Study group: medical interview | Ever smoked v never smoked | O | 0 | 3 | |||||
E | 0.10 | 0.27 | ||||||||
SIR | [0.15] | 0 | [1.07] | 11.22 | ||||||
(asbestos sprayers) | RR | 1.00 | 0 | [7.13] | 74.77 | |||||
(patients with asbestosis) | O | 0 | 33 | |||||||
E | 0.60 | 2.69 | ||||||||
SIR | [0.15] | 0 | [1.07] | 12.26 | ||||||
RR | 1.00 | 0 | [7.13] | 81.72 | ||||||
(patients with silicosis) | O | 0 | 15 | |||||||
E | 0.10 | 4.48 | ||||||||
SIR | [0.15] | 0 | [1.07] | 3.35 | ||||||
RR | 1.00 | 0 | [7.13] | 22.34 | ||||||
Meurmanet al 28 | Heavy: work history | Cigarette smoker vnon-smoker | O | 1 | 41 | |||||
E | 2.08 | 11.45 | ||||||||
SIR | [0.15] | 0.48 | [1.07] | 3.58 | ||||||
RR | 1.00 | 3.21 | [7.13] | 23.87 | ||||||
Elmes and Simpson9-153 32 | Study group: inferred from nature of population studied | Smoker vnon-smoker | O | 0 | 19 | |||||
ES | Low | 1.20 | ||||||||
SMR | [0.15] | 0 | [1.07] | 16.94 | ||||||
RR | 1.00 | 0 | [7.13] | 112.94 | ||||||
Hughes and Weill9-154 33 | Study group: work history and dust measurements | Ever v never smoked | O | 0 | 26 | |||||
E | Low | <15.4 | ||||||||
SMR | [0.15] | 0 | [1.07] | ≃2 | ||||||
RR | 1.00 | 0 | [7.13] | ≃13 | ||||||
Selikoffet al 34 | Study group: inferred from nature of population studied | Everv never smoked cigarettes | O | 5 | 45 | |||||
ES | 0.2 | 9.6 | ||||||||
SMR | [0.15] | 3.75 | [1.07] | 5.02 | ||||||
RR | 1.00 | 25.00 | [7.13] | 33.44 | ||||||
Selikoff and Hammond 35 | Study group: inferred from nature of population studied | Ever v never smoked cigarettes | O | 2 | 45 | |||||
E | 1.58 | 4.07 | ||||||||
SMR | [0.15] | 1.27 | [1.07] | 11.06 | ||||||
RR | 1.00 | 8.44 | [7.13] | 73.71 | ||||||
Hammondet al 36 | Study group: inferred from nature of population studied | Everv never smoked cigarettes | O | 8 | 268 | |||||
Rate | 11.3 | 58.4 | 122.6 | 601.6 | ||||||
RR | 1.00 | 5.17 | 10.85 | 53.24 |
↵9-150 First author of most papers on study; reference is to paper from which main results were obtained.
↵9-151 RR=relative risk (to base A−S−), O=observed cases, E=expected, ES=expected adjusted for smoking, SMR=standardised mortality rate, SIR=standardised incidence rate.
↵9-152 The authors presented a graph showing that the observed number of deaths was close to a smoking-adjusted expected for non-smokers and for smokers of 10, 25, 40 and 50 cigarettes/day.
↵9-153 Only five non-smokers at risk.
↵9-154 The authors noted that no deaths were in never smokers, and that for the whole population 26 deaths occurred against 15.4 expected.
Values in [ ] are assumed values taken from data for British doctors.10