Table 2

Case-control studies of the joint effects of asbestos exposure and smoking on the risk of lung cancer

Study (ref)^4-150	Location	Study type and population^4-151	Controls^4-152	Period^4-153	Cases^4-154	Source of diagnosis
de Klerk et al 13	Wittenoom, Australia	Nested CC in crocidolite miners and millers	Alive, no ARD	1979–86	40	Death certificates, medical records
Martischnig et al 14	Gateshead, England	Hospital CC in shipbuilding area	Patients, no LC	1972–73	201	Confirmed clinical
Rubino et al 15	Balangero, Italy	Nested CC in chrysotile miners and millers	Alive when case died	1946–75	12	Death certificates, medical records
Pastorino et al 16	Lombardy, Italy	CC in industrial areas	Population	1976–79	176	Confirmed clinical
Bovenzi et al 17	Trieste, Italy	Decedent CC in industrial and shipbuilding area	Decedent, no COPD, SRC	1979–81, 1985–86	516	Autopsy records
Minowaet al 18	Yokosuka, Japan	Decedent CC in shipbuilding area	Decedent, no CA, PN, AC, SUI	1979–82	116	Confirmed clinical or autopsy
Kjuuset al 19	Telemark and Vestfold, Norway	Hospital CC in industrial and shipbuilding areas	Patients, no COPD, ODP	1979–83	176	Medical records
Garshick et al 20	USA	Decedent CC in railroad workers	Decedent, no CA, AC, SUI, UC	1981–82	1081	Death certificates
Blot et al 21-23	Georgia, Virginia, Florida, USA	Hospital and decedent CCs in shipbuilding areas	Patients and decedents, no COPD or LC	1970–78	458, 319, 295	Death certificates, medical records

↵4-150 First author of most papers on study; reference is to paper from which main results were obtained.
↵4-151 CC=case-control.
↵4-152 AC=accident; ARD=asbestos related disease; CA=cancer; COPD=chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; LC=lung cancer; ODP=other diseases precluding employment in heavy industry; PN=pneumoconiosis; SRC=smoking related cancer; SUI=suicide; UC=unknown cause.
↵4-153 For nested case-control studies period relates to mortality follow up, for other studies to period of death or diagnosis.
↵4-154 Number of cases with data on smoking and asbestos exposure. In Blot, numbers are for Georgia, Virginia, and Florida respectively. In Minowa and Garshick the number of cases are totals in study.