Substances | Exposure level | All histological subtypes (n=99) | Squamous cell carcinoma (n=63) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
nexp | OR | 95% CI | nexp | OR | 95% CI | ||||
Dusts: | |||||||||
Carbon black | Any | 11 | 2.1 | 1.0 to 4.3 | 10 | 3.4 | 1.5 to 7.7 | ||
Non-substantial | 9 | 1.8 | 0.8 to 4.0 | 8 | 2.9 | 1.2 to 7.2 | |||
Substantial | 2 | 5.7 | 0.9 to 36.0 | 2 | 8.9 | 1.2 to 64.3 | |||
Chrysotile asbestos | Any | 21 | 1.4 | 0.8 to 2.4 | 17 | 2.0 | 1.1 to 3.8 | ||
Non-substantial | 19 | 1.4 | 0.8 to 2.5 | 16 | 2.1 | 1.1 to 4.0 | |||
Substantial | 2 | 1.3 | 0.3 to 6.2 | 1 | 1.1 | 0.1 to 9.7 | |||
Alumina | Any | 17 | 1.3 | 0.7 to 2.3 | 14 | 1.8 | 0.9 to 3.5 | ||
Non-substantial | 14 | 1.2 | 0.6 to 2.3 | 11 | 1.5 | 0.7 to 3.2 | |||
Substantial | 3 | 1.6 | 0.4 to 6.2 | 3 | 3.5 | 0.9 to 13.9 | |||
Abrasive dust | Any | 22 | 1.0 | 0.6 to 1.6 | 17 | 1.3 | 0.7 to 2.3 | ||
Non-substantial | 14 | 1.2 | 0.6 to 2.3 | 10 | 1.5 | 0.7 to 3.2 | |||
Substantial | 8 | 0.7 | 0.3 to 1.5 | 7 | 1.0 | 0.4 to 2.5 | |||
Cellulose | Any | 10 | 1.5 | 0.7 to 3.1 | 4 | 0.9 | 0.3 to 2.6 | ||
Non-substantial | 8 | 1.7 | 0.7 to 4.0 | 2 | 1.0 | 0.3 to 3.7 | |||
Substantial | 2 | 0.9 | 0.2 to 4.6 | 2 | 0.6 | 0.1 to 4.9 | |||
Wood dust | Any | 19 | 0.8 | 0.4 to 1.3 | 16 | 1.0 | 0.5 to 1.9 | ||
Crystalline silica | Any | 18 | 0.7 | 0.4 to 1.3 | 13 | 0.8 | 0.4 to 1.7 | ||
Liquids and vapours: | |||||||||
Mineral spirits | Any | 17 | 1.1 | 0.6 to 2.0 | 16 | 1.9 | 1.0 to 3.7 | ||
Non-substantial | 8 | 1.6 | 0.7 to 3.7 | 7 | 2.6 | 1.0 to 6.6 | |||
Substantial | 9 | 0.9 | 0.4 to 1.9 | 9 | 1.6 | 0.7 to 3.6 | |||
Toluene | Any | 16 | 1.2 | 0.7 to 2.2 | 15 | 2.0 | 1.0 to 3.9 | ||
Non-substantial | 9 | 1.0 | 0.5 to 2.2 | 9 | 1.8 | 0.8 to 4.1 | |||
Substantial | 7 | 1.5 | 0.6 to 3.7 | 6 | 2.4 | 0.9 to 6.4 | |||
Synthetic adhesives | Any | 19 | 1.3 | 0.8 to 2.3 | 16 | 1.8 | 1.0 to 3.4 | ||
Non-substantial | 10 | 1.4 | 0.7 to 3.0 | 8 | 2.0 | 0.9 to 4.7 | |||
Substantial | 9 | 1.2 | 0.6 to 2.6 | 8 | 1.6 | 0.7 to 3.8 | |||
Other paints and varnishes4-151 | Any | 18 | 1.5 | 0.8 to 2.6 | 16 | 2.3 | 1.2 to 4.4 | ||
Non-substantial | 12 | 2.0 | 1.0 to 4.1 | 10 | 2.8 | 1.2 to 6.3 | |||
Substantial | 6 | 1.0 | 0.4 to 2.4 | 6 | 1.8 | 0.7 to 4.7 | |||
Sulphuric acid | Any | 15 | 2.2 | 1.2 to 4.3 | 10 | 2.8 | 1.2 to 6.1 | ||
Non-substantial | 12 | 2.0 | 1.0 to 4.0 | 9 | 2.2 | 1.2 to 6.3 | |||
Substantial | 3 | 4.1 | 1.0 to 17.2 | 1 | 3.1 | 0.3 to 28.1 | |||
Solvents | Any | 39 | 1.1 | 0.7 to 1.7 | 30 | 1.4 | 0.8 to 2.5 | ||
Non-substantial | 16 | 1.0 | 0.5 to 1.9 | 12 | 1.3 | 0.6 to 2.6 | |||
Substantial | 23 | 1.1 | 0.6 to 1.9 | 18 | 1.6 | 0.8 to 3.0 | |||
Lube oils and greases | Any | 25 | 0.7 | 0.4 to 1.2 | 18 | 0.9 | 0.5 to 1.6 | ||
Gases and fumes: | |||||||||
Metal oxide fumes | Any | 17 | 1.1 | 0.6 to 2.0 | 13 | 1.5 | 0.8 to 3.0 | ||
Non-substantial | 10 | 1.5 | 0.8 to 2.9 | 7 | 1.8 | 0.8 to 4.1 | |||
Substantial | 7 | 0.6 | 0.2 to 1.8 | 6 | 1.1 | 0.4 to 3.4 | |||
Nitrogen oxides | Any | 21 | 0.9 | 0.6 to 1.6 | 16 | 1.2 | 0.7 to 2.4 | ||
Gasoline engine emissions | Any | 41 | 0.9 | 0.6 to 1.5 | 24 | 0.9 | 0.5 to 1.5 | ||
Carbon monoxide | Any | 45 | 0.7 | 0.4 to 1.1 | 25 | 0.6 | 0.3 to 1.0 | ||
Metals: | |||||||||
Aluminium compounds | Any | 19 | 1.1 | 0.6 to 1.9 | 16 | 1.6 | 0.8 to 3.0 | ||
Non-substantial | 15 | 1.1 | 0.6 to 2.1 | 12 | 1.5 | 0.7 to 3.0 | |||
Substantial | 4 | 1.1 | 0.4 to 3.2 | 4 | 2.2 | 0.7 to 6.8 | |||
Iron compounds | Any | 25 | 1.0 | 0.6 to 1.7 | 21 | 1.7 | 0.9 to 3.0 | ||
Non-substantial | 15 | 1.4 | 0.7 to 2.6 | 13 | 2.3 | 1.2 to 4.8 | |||
Substantial | 10 | 0.8 | 0.4 to 1.5 | 8 | 1.1 | 0.5 to 2.6 | |||
Lead compounds | Any | 41 | 0.7 | 0.4 to 1.1 | 25 | 0.7 | 0.4 to 1.3 | ||
Chromium VI compounds | Any | 6 | 0.6 | 0.2 to 1.4 | 6 | 1.0 | 0.4 to 2.6 | ||
Metallic dust | Any | 27 | 1.0 | 0.6 to 1.7 | 20 | 1.3 | 0.7 to 2.3 | ||
Non-substantial | 17 | 1.3 | 0.7 to 2.3 | 13 | 1.7 | 0.8 to 3.3 | |||
Substantial | 10 | 0.8 | 0.4 to 1.6 | 7 | 0.9 | 0.4 to 2.2 | |||
Mild steel dust | Any | 18 | 1.1 | 0.6 to 2.0 | 15 | 1.7 | 0.9 to 3.2 | ||
Non-substantial | 11 | 1.3 | 0.7 to 2.7 | 10 | 2.2 | 1.0 to 4.8 | |||
Substantial | 7 | 0.9 | 0.4 to 2.0 | 5 | 1.1 | 0.4 to 3.1 | |||
Aromatic hydrocarbons: | |||||||||
PAHs from any source | Any | 64 | 0.9 | 0.5 to 1.5 | 40 | 0.9 | 0.5 to 1.7 | ||
Benzo(a)pyrene | Any | 24 | 1.1 | 0.7 to 1.9 | 18 | 1.6 | 0.8 to 3.0 | ||
Non-substantial | 19 | 1.0 | 0.5 to 1.7 | 16 | 1.6 | 0.8 to 3.0 | |||
Substantial | 5 | 2.3 | 0.8 to 6.5 | 2 | 1.7 | 0.4 to 8.2 | |||
PAHs from coal | Any | 10 | 1.2 | 0.6 to 2.5 | 5 | 0.9 | 0.3 to 2.5 | ||
Non-substantial | 4 | 0.7 | 0.2 to 2.1 | 2 | 0.5 | 0.1 to 2.4 | |||
Substantial | 6 | 2.0 | 0.8 to 5.3 | 3 | 1.7 | 0.5 to 6.2 | |||
PAHs from petroleum | Any | 64 | 1.0 | 0.6 to 1.6 | 41 | 1.0 | 0.6 to 1.9 | ||
PAHs from other sources | Any | 16 | 0.7 | 0.4 to 1.2 | 11 | 0.7 | 0.4 to 1.5 | ||
Mononuclear aromatic hydrocarbons | Any | 29 | 0.8 | 0.5 to 1.3 | 23 | 1.2 | 0.7 to 2.0 | ||
Other: | |||||||||
Aliphatic aldehydes | Any | 21 | 1.3 | 0.8 to 2.4 | 13 | 1.2 | 0.6 to 2.5 | ||
Non-substantial | 18 | 1.4 | 0.7 to 2.5 | 10 | 1.1 | 0.5 to 2.3 | |||
Substantial | 3 | 1.3 | 0.3 to 4.6 | 3 | 2.3 | 0.6 to 9.6 | |||
Formaldehyde | Any | 13 | 0.9 | 0.5 to 1.8 | 10 | 1.2 | 0.5 to 2.5 | ||
Alkanes (C5 to C17) | Any | 33 | 0.9 | 0.6 to 1.5 | 25 | 1.3 | 0.7 to 2.3 | ||
Non-substantial | 15 | 1.2 | 0.7 to 2.2 | 14 | 1.5 | 0.7 to 3.1 | |||
Substantial | 18 | 0.7 | 0.4 to 1.3 | 11 | 1.1 | 0.5 to 2.3 | |||
Alkanes (C18+) | Any | 29 | 0.8 | 0.5 to 1.2 | 21 | 1.0 | 0.6 to 1.8 | ||
Cleaning agents | Any | 17 | 1.0 | 0.6 to 1.8 | 10 | 0.8 | 0.4 to 1.8 |
↵4-150 Adjusted for age, respondent status, birthplace, educational level, beer consumption, spirits consumption, β-carotene index, cigarette-years, smoking patterns.
↵4-151 This group comprises paints used on surfaces other than metal and varnishes used on surfaces other than wood.
PAHs=polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; nexp=number of exposed cases.