Summary of research on reactivity or microrecovery
| 1st author and year | F/M (n) | Job nature (I, II, or III), + job title or sport | Experimental condition | Baseline value (a, b, c, or d) |
Hormone (A, NA, or C) | Bodily fluid (B, U, or S) | Time of measurement | Outcome (↑=increase ↓=decrease ≅=no change) | Controlled variables | |||||||||
| Bergeron 199114 | 10 M | II | (1) Treadmill maximal test until voluntary exhaustion | a | C | B | Immediately after | 1) ≅ | No food 2 h before | |||||||||
| Tennis players | (2) On court tennis match (95 min) | 5 Min after | 2) ↓ | |||||||||||||||
| Berk 199015 | 9 M | I | Marathon run in laboratory | a | A | B | 5 Min after | A/NA/C: ↑ | Time of day (0730) | |||||||||
| Nieman 198916 | 1 F | Marathon runners | NA | |||||||||||||||
| C | ||||||||||||||||||
| Bonifazi 199517 | 8 M | I | Monitoring winter training season: 15×200 m freestyle tests after | a | C | B | Immediately after | ↑ | Food and drink intake | |||||||||
| Swimmers | (1) 6 Weeks | |||||||||||||||||
| (2) 12 Weeks | ||||||||||||||||||
| (3) 24 Weeks | ||||||||||||||||||
| Carstensen 199418 | 1) 12 | I / III | (1) 10 Min bicycle ergometer test at constant workload of 150 W | a | A | B: | 1,2,3: Immediately after test | A: ↑ 1a | ||||||||||
| 2) 8 | Students | (2) Cold pressure study (5 min hand immersion in ice water) | NA | (a) Plasma | ≅ 1b, 2a/b, 3 | |||||||||||||
| 3) 22 | (3) 65 Min medical students end of year examination | (b) Platelets | NA: ↑ 1a, 2a/b | |||||||||||||||
| : ≅ 1b, 3 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Costa 199719 | 10 F | II | A morning shift was compared to an afternoon and two night shift | a | A | U | A/NA: 1st half of shift compared with 2nd half | A: ≅ | 4 Consecutive shifts | |||||||||
| Nurses | NA | U | C: start, middle, and end of shift sample | NA: ↑ 1st half night shift | ||||||||||||||
| C | B | C: ≅ | ||||||||||||||||
| Deinzer 199720 | 10 M | II | 3 Consecutive parachute jumps | d | C | S | After jump | ↑ Jump 1,2,3 | Caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, fat intake | |||||||||
| 6 F | Parachute jumpers | ↓ Peak value from jump 2 to 3 | ||||||||||||||||
| Deschenes 199821 | 10 M | I | 4 Exhaustive aerobic power bicycle ergometer tests were performed at 0800, 1200, 1600, and 2000 | a | A | B | Immediately after test | A: ↑ | Food intake | |||||||||
| Students | NA | NA: ↑ | ||||||||||||||||
| Filaire 199622 | 31 F | I | In 24 h (a training day), 6 samples of saliva cortisol. Three groups were compared | a | C | S | After training | Handball ↑ | ||||||||||
| Handball players | Swimmers Sedentary women ≅ | |||||||||||||||||
| Swimmers | ||||||||||||||||||
| Sedentery women | ||||||||||||||||||
| Gao 199023 | 23 M | III | Two groups of 150 min VDT data entry: | a | A | U | Immediately after | A/NA: ≅ | ||||||||||
| 6 F | Students | (1) Simple | NA | |||||||||||||||
| (2) Complicated | ||||||||||||||||||
| Gerra 199624 | 20 F | III | (1) Emotional or violent film | a | A | B | During and immediately after test | A: ≅ | Time of day (morning), menstrual phase, food intake | |||||||||
| Students | (2) A neutral (Walt Disney) film | NA | NA: ≅ | |||||||||||||||
| C | C: ≅ | |||||||||||||||||
| Gillberg 198625 | 9 M | I | Activities lasting for 1 h (except running: 45 min), with testing before and after of 1 h sitting | a | A | U | Immediately after | A/NA : ↓ lying | Time of day | |||||||||
| Different activities: Lying, sitting, standing, walking, bicycling, running | NA | A: ≅ sit, stand, walk, cycl, run | ||||||||||||||||
| NA : ↑ cycl/run | ||||||||||||||||||
| NA : ≅ sit, stand, Walk | ||||||||||||||||||
| Gratas-Delamarche 199426 | 6 M | I | Wingate test (30 s bicycle pedalling at highest possible rate against previous determined load | a | A | B | Immediately after | A/NA : ↑ | ||||||||||
| 6 F | Sprinters | NA | ||||||||||||||||
| Häkkinen 199327 | 10 M | I | Heavy resistance training leg extensors: | a | C | B | Immediately after | A: ≅ | Time of day | |||||||||
| Power lifters, body builders, weight lifters | (A) Maximal (20×1RM×100%) | d | B: ↑ | |||||||||||||||
| (B) Submaximal (10×10×70%) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Heitkamp 199628 | 10 F | I | Two run tests: | a | C | B | A: 3 min after | A: ≅ | Food intake , time of day | |||||||||
| Marathon runners | (A) Maximal test treadmill | b | B: 1,2 h during run, 3 min after | B: 1 h during ≅ | ||||||||||||||
| (B) Non-competitive marathon run | 2 h During ↑ | |||||||||||||||||
| 3 Min after ↑ | ||||||||||||||||||
| Hoogeveen 199629 | 10 M | I | Maximal ergometer test before and after 3 months of extensive training. | a | C | B | Immediately after | ↑ | Humidity, temperature, time of day | |||||||||
| Professional cyclists | ||||||||||||||||||
| Jin 199230 | 48 F | III | (1) Mental 1 h stress test, and | a | A | U | Immediately after | A: 1 : ↑, 2 : ≅ | Caffeine and alcohol intake, time of day | |||||||||
| 48 M | Laboratory stress test | (2) Emotional 1 h stress test | NA | U | NA: 1,2 ↑ | |||||||||||||
| C | S | C: 1,2 ↑ | ||||||||||||||||
| Kakimoto 198831 | 17 M | III | One day of flying compared to 1 day of ground work; 3 groups: pilots, copilots, and flight engineers | d (ground work) | C | S | 1) After take off | 1) ↑Pilots | Time of day | |||||||||
| Nakamura 198932 | Transport aircraft cockpit personnel | 2) During flight | 2) ↑ Pilots/co-pilots | |||||||||||||||
| 3) After landing | 3) ↑ Co-pilots | |||||||||||||||||
| Kirschbaum 199533 | 20 M | III | Subjects were exposed to the trier social stress test five times. High responders(H) were compared to low responders(L) | a | C | S | Immediately after test | ↑ Day 1 to 5 (H) | Time of day, alcohol and nicotine intake, diseases | |||||||||
| Students | ↑ Day 1 (L) | |||||||||||||||||
| Kobayashi 199734 | 12 F | II | Comparison of reactivity during : nightshift after day shift, night shift after half-day shift, and day shift after day shift | a | C | B | Immediately after shift | Morning-level ↓ after nightshift than after day shift | Nicotine intake, time of day, phase of menstrual cycle | |||||||||
| Nurses | ||||||||||||||||||
| Kraemer 199835 | 13 M | I | 8 Weeks short term heavy resistance training (lower limb, 3 muscle groups, 3/week) T1=week 1, T2=week 6, T3=week 8 | a | C | B | Immediately and 5 min after test | M ↑ T1,T2,T3 | Medication intake, endocrine disorders, time of day | |||||||||
| 8 F | Untrained subjects | F ↑ T2,T3 | ||||||||||||||||
| Lac 199736 | 5 M | I | Laboratory: 30 min submaximal bicycle ergometer test. | d | C | S | During and few minutes after test | ↑ | Time of day (10 am) | |||||||||
| 4 F | Sports students | |||||||||||||||||
| Lehmann 199137 | 8 M | I | Increase in volume of training during 4 weeks: | a | A | B | After test | A: ≅ between days | Diseases, time of day | |||||||||
| Middle and long distance runners | 3 Maximal tests (comparison between day 0, 14, 28). | NA | NA: ↑ on day 28 | |||||||||||||||
| Liederbach 199238, 199439 | 6 F | I | Dancers were followed during a 5 weeks performance season: | a | A | U | After performance | A: ↑ | Time of day | |||||||||
| 6 M | Ballet dancers | Before and after performance | NA | NA: ↑ | ||||||||||||||
| F ↑ M | ||||||||||||||||||
| Mathur 198640 | 12 M | I | Within/between subjects design: | a | C | B | Immediately after test | C: ↑ both groups | Time of day (0730 after 30 min rest) | |||||||||
| Long distance runners | Long distance runners were compared with control non-athletes during bicycle ergometer maximal test | |||||||||||||||||
| McKay 199741 | 15 M | II | An 18 hole golf match (M) was compared with a practice round (P) as day off | d | C | S | During (2 samples) and immediately after | C: ↑ (M > P) | ||||||||||
| Golfers | ↑ During > after | |||||||||||||||||
| Miki 199742 | 16 M | III | Prolonged mental tasks were performed on day A and only one mental task in the morning and additional rest on test day B | a | A | U | Before and after tasks | A: ↑ day A > B | Time of day | |||||||||
| 2 F | Students | NA | U | NA: ↑ day A > B | ||||||||||||||
| C | S | C: ≅ | ||||||||||||||||
| Nieman 198943 | 20 M | I | Marathon runners were compared with control non-athletes during a graded maximal treadmill test | a | A | B | 5 Min after test | A ↑ both groups | Time of the day | |||||||||
| Marathon runners | NA | NA ↑ both groups | ||||||||||||||||
| Non-athletes | C | C ↑ both groups | ||||||||||||||||
| O'Connor 198744 | 8 M | I | 30 min cycling at 75% of their VO2max | a | C | B | Immediately after test | C: ↑ in B and S | Time of day (1800–1920) | |||||||||
| Students | d | S | ||||||||||||||||
| O'Connor 19915 46 | 22 M | I | A paced swim test of 182.9 m was performed four times (before and after a W-E/E-W flight crossing four time zones | a | C | S | Immediately after test | ≅ | Time of day | |||||||||
| 18 F | Swimmers | |||||||||||||||||
| Oberbeck 199847 | 8 M | II | A first time tandem parachute jump was assessed | a (4 h Before test) | A | B | Immediately after jump | A,NA: ↑ | All baseline measurements made at 0800 | |||||||||
| Parachute jumpers | NA | C: ≅ | ||||||||||||||||
| C | ||||||||||||||||||
| Obminsky 199748 | 48 M | III | A routine acceleration test on a centrifuge (radius length—11 m, linear acceleration gradient of 0.2 G/s) for 30–40 s | a | C | S | 3 Min after test | C: ↑ (blood) | Time of day (1100–1200) | |||||||||
| Students military aviation college | B (18 ss) | ≅ (Saliva) | ||||||||||||||||
| Odagiri 199649 | 21 M | I | Measurements before and after a triathlon match | d | C | B | Immediately after triathlon | ↑ | Time of day, 2 days before test and after test | |||||||||
| Triathlon athletes | ||||||||||||||||||
| Ragatt 199750 | 10 M | III | 1 Workday (W)12 h shift was compared with a (2nd) day off (B). | d | A | U | Before, during (1100, 1500) and after (1900) work | All samples: | Alcohol intake, caffeine and tobacco usage | |||||||||
| Bus drivers | NA | A: W ↑ B | ||||||||||||||||
| C | NA: W ↑ B | |||||||||||||||||
| C: W ≅ B | ||||||||||||||||||
| Richter 199651 | 43 M | II | Measurements before, during, and after a parachute jump | a | A | B | During and immediately after jump | A ↑ | Time of day (between 1000 and 1200) Blood sampled continuously! | |||||||||
| Parachute jumpers | NA | NA ↑ | ||||||||||||||||
| C | C ↑ | |||||||||||||||||
| Rudolph 199852 | 26 M | I | 30 Min treadmill run at 60% VO2max | a | C | S | During and at end of test | ↑ 1,2 | Time of day (1500–1700), food intake | |||||||||
| University crosscountry runners (1) and control students (2) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Schnabel 198453 | 10 M | I | An exhaustive short term supramaximal treadmill exercise was performed | a | A | B | A,NA,C: Immediately after test | A, NA: ↑ | Time of day (0800–1030) | |||||||||
| Students | NA | C: 6 min after test | C: ≅ | |||||||||||||||
| C | ||||||||||||||||||
| Schreinicke 199054 | 77 M | III | A VDU time stress test of 30 min | a | C | S | 5 Min after test | ↑ | Time of day (0900) | |||||||||
| Experimental subjects | ||||||||||||||||||
| Schwartz 199055 | 12 M | I | Laboratory: an exhausting incremental graded steptest and a 1 min anaerobic cycle ergometer exercise | a | A | B | Immediately and 5 min after test | A: ↑ both tests | Time of day (morning) | |||||||||
| Non-specifically trained subjects | NA | NA: ↑ both tests | ||||||||||||||||
| C | C: ↑ steptest | |||||||||||||||||
| Shiota 199656 | 10 M | III | During 8 days of which 5 days off and a two flights from Tokyo to Los Angeles (and vice versa) were measured. Two groups: one outdoor exercise group and one control group | d | A | U | During and imediately after flights | A, NA ↑ | Time of day | |||||||||
| Cockpit crewmembers | NA | |||||||||||||||||
| 17-OHCS | ||||||||||||||||||
| Sinyor 198857 | 6 M | II | The effect of 10 weeks of aerobic training on sympathoadrenal responses to a psychosocial stress was measured | a | A | B | Immediately after test, and 5 min after test | A, NA : ≅ | Morning | |||||||||
| Sedentary men | NA | |||||||||||||||||
| Sluiter 199858 | 10 M | III | A long distance trip of three (1,2,3) working days or nights and one consecutive day off was compared with a (2nd day off) baseline day. Overall means (M) and separate samples were compared to baseline | d | A | U | During work (7 samples per 24 h: 7, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23, 4am) | A: ↑ M1 | Alcohol, caffeine, nicotine intake | |||||||||
| Long distance coach drivers | NA | (1: 14,20,23; 2: 7,20,23; 3: 7,11) | ||||||||||||||||
| C | A: ↓ (2: 14,17) | |||||||||||||||||
| NA: ↑ (1:7,20; 2:4,7,14; 3:4,7) | ||||||||||||||||||
| C: : ↑ M2,3 | ||||||||||||||||||
| ≅ samples | ||||||||||||||||||
| Strobel 199359 | 28 M | I | An incremental treadmill test to exhaustion was assessed. Besides plasma free catecholamines, sulphated catecholamines were measured. | a | A | B | Immediately after test | A ↑ R C T | Food, alcohol, and caffeine intake, time of day | |||||||||
| Long distance runners (R) | NA | As ↑ R T | ||||||||||||||||
| Triathletes (T) | NA ↑ R C T | |||||||||||||||||
| Controls (C) | NAs↑ R C T | |||||||||||||||||
| Strüder 199860 | 19 M | I | A 30 min cycle ergometer test (65% VO2max) was performed | a | C | B | Immediately after test | ↑ Both groups | Time of day (1115), and food intake | |||||||||
| Distance runners (8) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Sedentary controls | ||||||||||||||||||
| Stupnicki 199561 | 74 M | I | A graded exercise was performed by junior and senior athletes: | a | C | B | 2 Min after test | ↑ Senior male rowers + wrestlers | Time of day (morning), and food intake before test | |||||||||
| 40 F | Rowers (R) | (1) At a rowing ergometer (R) | ≅ Females + junior male athletes | |||||||||||||||
| Wrestlers (W) | (2) At a cycle ergometer (W) | |||||||||||||||||
| Tanaka 199262 | 9 M | III | Three groups were compared | a | A | U | Immediately after test | A: ≅ | Time of day (0900), duration of tests 2 h followed by a rest period of 2 h | |||||||||
| 9 F | Students | (1) VDT word search task with large print, | NA | NA: ↓ (3) | ||||||||||||||
| (2) VDT word search task with small print, | ||||||||||||||||||
| (3) Reference hard copy word search task | ||||||||||||||||||
| Van der Beek 199563 | 32 M | II | One work day and evening were assessed | d | A | U | Sampled at 10, 14, 17.30 h | A ↑ | Coffee, alchohol, and medication intake | |||||||||
| Lorry drivers | NA | NA ↑ | ||||||||||||||||
| Verde 199264 | 10 M | I | Three 30 min running evaluations were performed before, immediately after, and 3 weeks after the training volume was increased with 38% during the middle 3 weeks | a | C | B | 5 Min after test | C: ↑ before training increase | Time of day (afternoon) | |||||||||
| Distance runners | ||||||||||||||||||
| Zeier 1994,65199666 | 170 M | III | Two measurements were performed during 100 min work: | a | C | S | Immediately after work | a) ↑ (2) | Time of day (morning) | |||||||||
| Air traffic controllers: | (1) After a period of low traffic, and | ≅ (1) | ||||||||||||||||
| (a) Area control centre | (2) After a period of high traffic | b) ↑ (2) | ||||||||||||||||
| (b) Airport control tower | ≅ (1) | |||||||||||||||||
F/M=Female or male; jobnature: I=physical, II=physical and mental, III=mental; a=before test, b=morning, c=day or night mean, d=day off; hormone: A=adrenaline, NA=noradrenaline, C=cortisol; bodily fluid: B=blood, U=urine, S=saliva; ↑=increase, ↓=decrease, ≅=no change.