Urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and monohydroxy metabolites as biomarkers of exposure in coke oven workers
- 1Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Milan and Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, Via S Barnaba, 8 – 20122 Milan, Italy
- 2Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani, 2 – 35128 Padua, Italy
- 3Institute of Agricultural Medicine, 2 Jaczewskiego Str, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
- 4Institute of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 13 Kocielna Str, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
- Silvia Fustinoni, Via S Barnaba, 8 – 20122 Milan, Italy; silvia.fustinoni{at}unimi.it
- Accepted 23 January 2009
- Published Online First 15 February 2009
Abstract
Objectives: To assess exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using 13 unmetabolised PAHs (U-PAHs) and 12 monohydroxy metabolites (OHPAHs) in urine, and to compare the utility of these biomarkers.
Methods: 55 male Polish coke oven workers collected urine spot samples after a workshift. U-PAHs (naphthalene, acenaphtylene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene) were determined by automatic solid phase micro-extraction followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). OHPAHs (1- and 2-hydroxynaphthalene, 2- and 9-hydroxyfluorene, 4-, 9-, 3-, 1- and 2-hydroxyphenanthrene, 1-hydroxypyrene, 6-hydroxychrysene, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene) were determined, after liquid/liquid extraction and derivatisation, by GC/MS.
Results: U-PAHs from naphthalene to chrysene were found in 100% of samples, and heavier U-PAHs in 7–22% of samples. OHPAHs up to 1-hydroxypyrene were found in 100% of samples, while 6-hydroxychrysene and 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene were always below the quantification limit. Median naphthalene, phenanthrene, pyrene, chrysene and benzo[a]anthracene levels were 0.806, 0.721, 0.020, 0.032 and 0.035 μg/l, while hydroxynaphthalenes, hydroxyphenanthrenes and 1-hydroxypyrene levels were 81.1, 18.9 and 15.4 μg/l. For each chemical, the ratio between U-PAH and the corresponding OHPAH ranged from 1:26 to 1:1000. Significant correlations between logged values of U-PAHs and OHPAHs, between U-PAHs, and between OHPAHs were found, with Pearson’s r ranging from 0.27 to 0.97.
Conclusion: Current analytical techniques allow specific and simultaneous measurement of several urinary determinants of PAHs in humans. The results of these measurements support the use of U-PAHs as biomarkers of exposure and suggest the spectrum of chemicals to be investigated, including carcinogenic chrysene and benzo[a]anthracene, should be widened.
Footnotes
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Funding: The present study was partially funded by the Italian Ministry of University and Research (grant 2003065175). The fellowship held by FR was funded by Regione Lombardia, INGENIO project.
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Competing interests: None.
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Ethics approval: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Institute of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health in Sosnowiec, Poland.
