Table 5
Relation between solvent exposure and subgroups of major congenital malformations (chromosomal and genetic malformations excluded)
| Self-reported exposure | JEM-assessed exposure | |||
| Never or occasional | Regular | No exposure | Exposure | |
| No malformations (n = 2897) | 1904 | 810 | 2154 | 576 |
| Nervous system (n = 4) | 1 | 3 | 3 | 1 |
| OR (95% CI) | 1 | 7.05 (0.7 to 67.9) | 1 | 1.25 (0.1 to 12.0) |
| OR* (95% CI) | 1 | 6.58 (0.7 to 63.9) | 1 | 1.30 (0.1 to 12.5) |
| Cardiac malformations (n = 6) | 5 | 1 | 5 | 1 |
| OR (95% CI) | 1 | 0.47 (0.1 to 4.0) | 1 | 0.75 (0.1 to 6.4) |
| OR† (95% CI) | 1 | 0.47 (0.1 to 4.0) | 1 | 0.75 (0.1 to 6.5) |
| Oro-facial clefts (n = 8) | 3 | 5 | 2 | 6 |
| OR (95% CI) | 1 | 3.92 (0.9 to 16.4) | 1 | 11.22 (2.3 to 55.7) |
| OR‡ (95% CI) | 1 | 3.60 (0.8 to 16.0) | 1 | 12.85 (2.6 to 64.7) |
| Urinary malformations (n = 13) | 4 | 7 | 6 | 6 |
| OR (95% CI) | 1 | 4.11 (1.2 to 14.1) | 1 | 3.74 (1.2 to 11.6) |
| OR§ (95% CI) | 1 | 2.18 (0.6 to 8.0) | 1 | 3.40 (1.1 to 10.8) |
| Male genital malformations¶ (n = 12) | 5 | 7 | 8 | 4 |
| OR (95% CI) | 1 | 3.43 (1.1 to 10.9) | 1 | 1.98 (0.6 to 6.6) |
| OR** (95% CI) | 1 | 3.57 (1.1 to 11.4) | 1 | 2.06 (0.6 to 6.9) |
| Limb malformations (n = 20) | 12 | 7 | 15 | 5 |
| OR (95% CI) | 1 | 1.37 (0.5 to 3.5) | 1 | 1.24 (0.5 to 3.4) |
| OR‡ (95% CI) | 1 | 1.46 (0.6 to 3.9) | 1 | 1.29 (0.5 to 3.6) |
| Other major malformations (n = 8) | 7 | 1 | 8 | 0 |
| OR (95% CI) | 1 | 0.34 (0.0 to 2.7) | ||
| OR* (95% CI) | 1 | 0.32 (0.0 to 2.6) | – | – |
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*Adjusted for tobacco and alcohol consumption.
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†Adjusted for alcohol consumption.
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‡Adjusted for maternal age, tobacco and alcohol consumption and education level.
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§Adjusted for maternal age, tobacco consumption and education level.
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¶Analyses restricted to boys only.
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**Adjusted for tobacco and alcohol consumption and preterm birth.
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JEM, job-exposure matrix; OR, odds ratio.
