The joint association of air pollution and noise from road traffic with cardiovascular mortality in a cohort study
- R Beelen1,
- G Hoek1,
- D Houthuijs2,
- P A van den Brandt3,
- R A Goldbohm4,
- P Fischer2,
- L J Schouten3,
- B Armstrong5,
- B Brunekreef1,6
- 1Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- 2Centre for Environmental Health Research, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- 3Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- 4TNO Quality of Life, Department of Food and Chemical Risk Analysis, Zeist, The Netherlands
- 5Public and Environmental Research Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- 6Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Bert Brunekreef, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, PO Box 80178, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands; b.brunekreef{at}uu.nl
- Accepted 19 September 2008
- Published Online First 18 November 2008
Abstract
Objectives: Associations between cardiovascular mortality and air pollution and noise together were investigated.
Methods: Data from the ongoing Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer (120 852 subjects; follow-up 1987–1996) were used. Cox proportional hazard analyses were conducted for the association between cardiovascular mortality and exposure to black smoke, traffic intensity on the nearest road and road traffic noise at the home address.
Results: The correlations between traffic noise and background black smoke, and traffic intensity on the nearest road were moderate at 0.24 and 0.30, respectively. Traffic intensity was associated with cardiovascular mortality, with highest relative risk (95% confidence interval) for ischaemic heart disease (IHD) mortality being 1.11 (1.03 to 1.20) (increment 10 000 motor vehicles/24 h). Relative risks for black smoke concentrations were elevated for cerebrovascular (1.39 (0.99 to 1.94)) and heart failure mortality (1.75 (1.00 to 3.05)) (increment 10 μg/m3). These associations were insensitive to adjustment for traffic noise. There was an excess of cardiovascular mortality in the highest noise category (>65 dB(A)), with elevated risks for IHD (1.15 (0.86 to 1.53)) and heart failure mortality (1.99 (1.05 to 3.79)). After adjustment for black smoke and traffic intensity, noise risk reduced to unity for IHD mortality and was slightly reduced for heart failure mortality.
Conclusions: Associations between black smoke concentrations and traffic intensity on the nearest road with specific cardiovascular causes of death were not explained by traffic noise in this study.
Footnotes
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Funding: Research described in this article was conducted under contract to the Health Effects Institute (HEI) (research grant 01–2), an organisation jointly funded by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and certain motor vehicle and engine manufacturers. The contents of this article do not necessarily reflect the views of HEI, or its sponsors, nor do they necessarily reflect the views and policies of the EPA or motor vehicle and engine manufacturers. The Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer is supported by the Dutch Cancer Society.
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Competing interests: None.
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Ethics approval: The NLCS study was approved by institutional review boards from Maastricht University and the Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO).
