Table 1
Details of homes compared by rural and urban location and air sampling results
| Characteristic of household | Urban (n = 31) (%) | Rural (n = 31) (%) | p Value |
| Female, n (%) | 21 (67.7) | 26 (83.9) | <0.001 |
| Age (SD) | 36.3 (11.1) | 43.4 (16.7) | <0.001 |
| Main type of cooking material: | |||
| Wood | 6 (21) | 31 (100) | |
| Charcoal | 21 (66) | – | <0.001 |
| Wood and charcoal | 2 (6) | – | |
| Electricity | 3 (9) | – | |
| Main type of lighting: | |||
| Simple kerosene lamp, candle and/or flaming torch | 19 (61.3) | 27 (86.5) | <0.001 |
| Hurricane lamp alone | 3 (9.7) | 3 (9.7) | NS |
| Electricity | 9 (29.0) | 1 (3.2) | <0.01 |
| Main cooking location in dry season: | |||
| Inside | 16 (51.7) | 2 (6.4) | |
| Separate building | 2 (6.5) | 9 (29.0) | <0.01 |
| Outside | 12 (38.7) | 18 (58.1) | |
| Inside and outside | 1 (3.2) | 1 (3.2) | |
| Separate building and outside | 0 | 1 (3.2) | |
| Main cooking location in wet season: | |||
| Inside | 23 (74.2) | 7 (22.6) | |
| Separate building | 2 (6.5) | 12 (38.7) | <0.01 |
| Inside and outside | 6 (19.3) | 12 (38.7) | |
| Do they heat the home? | 16 (51.5) | 15 (48.0) | NS |
| Mean (SD) no of rooms | 4.29 (1.4) | 4.27 (2.4) | NS |
| Mean (SD) no of residents | 5.03 (1.8) | 4.35 (1.7) | <0.001 |
| Mean (SD) no of rooms/residents | 0.93 (0.3) | 0.99 (0.5) | NS |
| Mean (SD) sum of household assets | 2.29 (1.5) | 1.48 (1.1) | <0.001 |
| Number of homes keeping animals | 16 (52.0) | 27 (87.0) | <0.001 |
| Roof material | |||
| Grass | 1 (3.2) | 21 (67.7) | |
| Corrugated material | 29 (93.5) | 10 (32.3) | <0.001 |
| Tiled | 1 (3.2) | 0 | |
| Type of window | |||
| Glass | 7 (22.6) | 26 (83.9) | <0.001 |
| Space only | 24 (77.4) | 5 (16.1) | |
| Total no of air sampling devices used (hours used) | |||
| Gravimetric (apex) | |||
| Total inhalable dust | 5 (102) | 6 (115) | |
| Respirable dust | 15 (317) | 14 (290) | NS* |
| Carbon monoxide | 30 (671) | 28 (569) | <0.001* |
| SidePak | 13 (204) | 13 (167) | NS* |
| UCB | 24 (533) | 23 (466) | 0.001* |
| Mean (SD) time-weighted average values for each device† | |||
| Gravimetric (mg/m3) | |||
| Total inhalable dust | 0.185 (0.197) | 0.268 (0.214) | 0.285 |
| Respirable dust | 0.204 (0.690) | 0.811 (0.541) | 0.04 |
| Carbon monoxide (ppm) | 63.50 (69.86) | 16.31 (22.77) | <0.001 |
| SidePak (mg/m3) | 0.07 (0.08) | 0.18 (0.27) | 0.343 |
| UCB (mg/m3) | 0.15 (0.36) | 0.25 (0.40) | 0.191 |
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Details of homes compared by rural and urban location. Data are from questionnaire and visiting homes and are based on the individual who answered the questionnaire.
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*Probability values refer to mean cooking times not total hours of devices were used (see online supplementary table 2).
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†All air pollution indices are presented in online supplementary table 2.
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UCB, University of California, Berkeley monitor.
