Table 3
Summary of statistically significant positive associations between cardiovascular mortality, by effect modifier and single-lag
days for pollutants‡
| Pollutant | All | Gender | Race | Education | |||
| Male | Female | White | Hispanic | High school graduate | Non-high school graduate | ||
| PM2.5 | 3† | – | 2†, 3† | 3* | 1†, 3† | – | 0†, 3† |
| Elemental carbon | 2† | 2* | 3* | 2† | – | 2* | 3† |
| Organic carbon | – | – | 3† | 2† | – | – | 3† |
| Nitrates | 3* | – | 3* | – | 1†, 3† | – | 0†, 3* |
| Sulphates | 3† | 0* | – | 3* | 1† | – | 0†, 2† |
| Calcium | – | – | 2* | – | – | – | – |
| Chlorine | – | – | – | – | 2† | – | – |
| Copper | – | – | – | – | 1†, 3* | – | 1† |
| Iron | 2† | – | 2†, 3* | 2† | – | 2* | 3† |
| Potassium | 2* | – | 2† | 2† | 1† | – | 1†, 2* |
| Sulphur | 3* | 0† | 2† | 0* | 3* | – | 0†, 2† |
| Silicon | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3† |
| Titanium | 2* | – | 2* | 2† | 1† | – | 1† |
| Zinc | 3† | 0†, 2† | 3† | 3† | – | – | 3† |
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PM, particulate matter.
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*p<0.10 and †p<0.05 for difference from null effect.
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‡Numbers in the table indicate which lags (of 0 to 3 days) were statistically significant. Bold indicates that the lag also produced a significantly greater effect estimate (p<0.10) in this group versus the corresponding demographic subgroup. The regression model includes time (4 df/year), 1-day lags of temperature and humidity, day of week and pollutant.
