Air pollution and risk of urinary bladder cancer in a case-control study in Spain
- Gemma Castaño-Vinyals1,
- Kenneth P Cantor2,
- Núria Malats1,
- Adonina Tardon3,
- Reina Garcia-Closas4,
- Consol Serra5,6,
- Alfredo Carrato7,
- Nathaniel Rothman2,
- Roel Vermeulen2,8,
- Debra Silverman2,
- Mustafa Dosemeci2,
- Manolis Kogevinas1,9,10
- 1Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Municipal Institute of Medical Research, Barcelona, Spain
- 2Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
- 3Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- 4Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- 5Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- 6Consorci Hospitalari Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Spain
- 7Hospital General de Elche, Elche, Spain
- 8Institute of Risk Assessment Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- 9Department of Social Medicine, Medical School, University of Crete, Herakleion, Crete, Greece
- 10CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
- Gemma Castaño-Vinyals, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Municipal Institute of Medical Research, C/Doctor Aiguader, 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain; gcastano{at}imim.es
- Accepted 6 July 2007
- Published Online First 18 July 2007
Abstract
Objectives: Air pollution has been associated with an increased risk for lung cancer. We examined whether long-term air pollution is associated with bladder cancer risk.
Methods: Information from a case-control study in Spain that included 1219 incident cases and 1271 hospital controls was used. Information on residential history including several indicators of exposure to air pollution and other potential risk factors was collected in a face-to-face computerised personal interview. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were adjusted for age, gender, region, smoking, occupation, water contaminants and diet.
Results: Living more than 40 years in a city with a population of more than 100 000 was associated with an increased risk for bladder cancer overall (OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.63). Emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and diesel from industries near the residence, as evaluated by experts, were associated with an increased risk (OR 1.29, 95% CI 0.85 to 1.98), while lower or no excess risks were observed for other pollution-related variables. Odds ratios among never smokers tended to be higher than among smokers.
Conclusions: The small to moderate positive associations found for several indices of air pollution and bladder cancer, while suggestive of excess risk, require further evaluation in other settings.
Footnotes
-
Funding:This research was primarily supported by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (NCI contract no. NO2-CP-11015). This project was also funded by the Spanish Ministry of Health (FIS 2001–2002), EPICUR-red (ISIII-GO3/174) and the European Union (Environment and genetic factors in bladder cancer: a multicentric case-control study in Europe. BIOMED. 1998–2001).
-
Competing interests: None.
