Associations between ambient, personal, and indoor exposure to fine particulate matter constituents in Dutch and Finnish panels of cardiovascular patients

Table 5

Contribution of indoor and outdoor air concentrations to personal exposure

	Amsterdam, all observations				Amsterdam, no ETS				Helsinki, all observations
	Outdoor		Indoor		Outdoor		Indoor		Outdoor		Indoor
	β	SE	γ	SE	β	SE	γ	SE	β	SE	γ	SE
*p<0.10.
†p<0.05.
‡p<0.01.
(personal = β×outdoor + γ×indoor). (PM_2.5 in μg/m³; absorption in m⁻¹×10⁻⁵; elements in ng/m³).
PM_2.5	0.13*	0.08	0.54‡	0.03	0.06‡	0.02	0.81‡	0.01	−0.02	0.02	0.97‡	0.03
ABS	0.07	0.05	1.04‡	0.05	0.25‡	0.07	0.77‡	0.08	0.06†	0.03	0.98‡	0.04
S	0.18‡	0.04	0.59‡	0.05	0.24‡	0.04	0.51‡	0.05	0.05†	0.02	0.66‡	0.04
Zn	0.27‡	0.03	0.39‡	0.04	0.31‡	0.03	0.35‡	0.05	0.09‡	0.03	0.81‡	0.05
Fe	0.07	0.09	0.78†	0.13	0.04	0.10	0.81‡	0.16	0.04	0.06	0.90‡	0.10
K	−0.29	0.25	0.87‡	0.02	0.15†	0.06	0.62‡	0.02	0.17‡	0.04	0.57‡	0.02
Ca	0.23	0.46	0.78‡	0.17	0.22	0.46	0.77†	0.30	0.23‡	0.07	0.84‡	0.05
Cu	0.06	0.12	0.56‡	0.03	0.06	0.13	0.57‡	0.03	−0.12	0.17	0.79‡	0.07
Si	−0.22	0.35	1.17‡	0.37	0.03	0.12	0.81‡	0.13	0.15‡	0.03	0.44‡	0.03
Cl	−0.03	0.04	0.95‡	0.01	0.01	0.03	0.97‡	0.02	−0.01	0.02	0.37‡	0.02

Free sample

This recent issue is free to all users to allow everyone the opportunity to see the full scope and typical content of OEM.
View free sample issue >>

Don't forget to sign up for content alerts so you keep up to date with all the articles as they are published.

General Practice jobs