Table 1
Molecular epidemiological studies on the transmission of tuberculosis
| Study | Time | Site | Design | Study group | Availability/response | Part of a cluster | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n method* | [n minus 1] method | ||||||
| MDR, multiple drug resistance; ident., identical fingerprint pattern; dev., deviation with respect to the number or size of the IS6110 insertions. | |||||||
| *The n method starts with all (n) patients in a cluster, the [n minus 1] method subtracts an index case from each cluster. The [n minus 1] method therefore appears to be more appropriate for the calculation of the recent or reactivated cases. | |||||||
| †, ††, †††, ††††Indicates studies with identical or partially identical study populations. | |||||||
| ‡Whereas IS6110 is the most commonly used probe internationally, pTBN12 can be used as a secondary probe for confirmation or comparison of IS6110 negative strains. Furthermore, the pTBN12 probe (but not IS6110) allows typing of other mycobacteria. | |||||||
| USA studies | |||||||
| Small et al. 199460† | 1991–92 | San Francisco | IS6110; exclusion <2 bands | 473 reported patients | 69% | 40% | 31%(+PGRS: 29%, see comment) |
| Rhee et al. 200035(Martinez, Rhee et al. 2000;30 Borgdorff et al. 200053)† | 1991–96 | San Francisco | IS6110 (ident.)+PGRS for <6 bands (Borgdorff et al. 2000: exclusion of isolates with <5 bands) | 1370 culture-pos. pat.;30: 1361;53: 1359; only including the 944 cases with pulmonary TB) | 87%(30: 85%;53: 86%) | 34%(30: 43%;53: 34% for pulmonary TB) | 25%(53: 24% for pulmonary TB) |
| Alland et al. 1994;5 Murray & Alland 200220 | 1993 | Bronx, New York | IS6110; additional analysis of preparations with <3 bands | 104 of 130 pat. of a large hospital | 80% of the hospital pat.; however only 10% of the assumed 1076 TB patients in New York City | 40%(12 clusters) | 30% |
| Sepkowitz et al. 199568†† | 1992–2/94 | New York City | IS6110 (ident.) | 201 pat. from 6 hospitals (“TBNetwork”) with known occupational history | ca. 2% of the TB cases in NYC | 43% | |
| Tornieporth et al. 199758†† | 1992–94 | New York City | IS6110 (ident.)+pTBN12 for <4 bands‡ | 302 pat. from 7 hospitals (“TBNetwork”) | 47% of the hospital pat.; however only a very low proportion (<<10%) of all cases in NYC | 31% | |
| Magnani et al. 200142 | 1996–97; Corresponds to “City Cluster” library (4500 patterns) | New York City | IS6110 (ident.); no secondary typing‡ | 180 pat. from 8 hospitals (“TBNetwork”) | ca. 50% of the hospital pat.; ca. 13% of the cases in NYC | 54%(2–17 pat.) | |
| McConkey et al. 200258 | 1998–99 | St Louis, Missouri | IS6110 (ident.)+PGRS (<6 bands or deviation ±1) | 60 pat. | 97% | 38%(7 Cluster mit 2–6 Pat.) | 27% |
| Geng et al. 200257 | 1990–99 | North Manhattan | IS6110 (ident.)+spoligotyping (<6 bands) | 546 culture-pos. TB cases from the Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center | 73.3% of the culture- positive hospital cases | 48%(51 clusters with average. 5.2 pat.) | 38.5% |
| Ellis et al. 200243††† | 1996–2000 | 7 Sentinel Regions: Arkansas, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, Texas (partially), California (partially) | IS6110 (ident.)+spoligotyping (< = 6 bands) | 10,752 reported pat. with culture-pos. TB | 90.2% of the culture- pos. cases | 48.1%(1,018 clusters with 2–105 pat.) | 38.6% |
| Sharnprapai etal. 200237††† | 1996–2000 | Massachusetts | IS6110 (ident.)+spoligotyping (<6 bands) | 983 reported patients | 95% of the culture- positive cases | 27.7%(82 clusters with 2–16 pat.) | 19.3% |
| Cronin et al. 200224 | 1996–2000 | Maryland | IS6110 (dev. ±1?)+spoligotyping (<6 bands) | 1172 reported patients | 99% of the culture- positive cases | 37.2%(111 clusters with 2–19 pat.) | 27.7% |
| Burman et al. 199715 | 1988–94 | Denver, Colorado | IS6110 +pTBN12 for all isolates | 189 reported patients | 59% with inclusion of the culture-negative patients | 15 clusters | 19%(31% with exclusive use of the IS6110 technique) |
| Braden et al. 199755 | 1992–93 | Arkansas | IS6110 (dev. ±1)+pTBN12 | 235 reported pat. with both types | 67% | 33%(24 clusters with 2–7 pat.) | 23% |
| Dobbs et al. 200126 | 1994–98 | Alabama | IS6110 +spoligotyping for < = 5 bands (poss. Also other analyses) | 253 reported pat. | ca. 80% | 47%(119 clusters) | |
| Hernández-Garduño et al. 200229 | 1995–99 | Greater Vancouver | IS6110 (ident.)+spoligotyping (<6 bands) | 793 reported pat. | 100% | 17.3%(46 clusters) | 11.5% |
| Kulaga et al. 200241 | 1997–98 | Montreal | IS6110 (dev. ±1/ident.), exclusion <5 bands | 243 reported pat. | 80% | 24.7%(dev. ±1)/7.0%(ident.) | 18.1%/4.1% |
| European studies | |||||||
| van Soolingen et al. 199949†††† | 1993–97 | Netherlands | IS6110 (ident.)+PGRS for <5 bands | 4,266 pat. (pulmonary+extrapulmonary) | 78% | 46%(479 clusters with 2–47 pat.; 52% of the pat. in clusters with ⩽5 pat.) | 35% |
| Borgdorff et al. 200146†††† | 1993–98 | Netherlands | IS6110 (ident.)+PGRS for <5bands | 3,479 pat. with pulmonary TB (register-based) | ca. 83% | 45%(390 clusters) | 34% |
| Diel et al. 200247 | 1997–99 | Hamburg | IS6110, exclusion <5 bands | 423 reported (one of the 8 health offices) patients with TB confirmed by culture | 77%; after exclusion of isolates with <5 bands 398 included in cluster analysis | 33.9%(35 clusters with 2–23 pat.) | |
| Niemann et al. 199733 | 1995 | Germany | IS6110; exclusion ⩽4 bands (n = 4) | 156 pat. with drug.-resistant TB (after exclusion of 7 pot. cross-contamin. isolates | ca. 32%(estimate) | 29% | 18% |
| Genewein et al. 199328 | 1991–92 | Canton Berne (Switzerland) | IS6110 (ident.?); evidently no ident. isolates with low band number | 163 TB pat. of Canton Berne | 61% of the culture- pos. cases | 27.6%(9 clusters with 2–22 pat.) | 22.1% |
| Pfyffer et al. 199834 | 1991–93 | Zurich | IS6110 (ident.);+PGRS for <6 bands or minimal deviations | 361 culture-positive pat. | 90% | 17.5%(25 clusters with 2–6 pat.) | 10.5% |
| Bauer et al. 1998;37(Yang et al. 199561) | 1992–96 | Denmark | IS6110 (ident.); exclusion <5 bands (9%; not with Yang et al. 1995) | 1549 TB cases (only 1992: 245 pat. [Yang et al. 1995]) | ca. 84% of the culture-TB pat. (with exclusion of isolates <5 bands) | 49%(only 1992: 31%[Yang et al. 1995]) | Not calculable |
| Bauer et al. 200023 | 4–11/1998 | Denmark (TB departments in Copenhagen and Jutland) | IS6110 (ident.)+spoligotyping with <5 bands | 163 pat. from 5 TB dept. in Copenhagen and Jutland | 49.5% | 63% | |
| Lillebaek et al. 200145 | 1992–99 | Denmark | IS6110 +spoligotyping | 763 TB cases in Somali immigrants; 1996–98: 391 cases in Somali immigrants, 470 cases in Danes | >97% | Somali immigrants: 59.1%(additional spoligotyping: 55.2%) | |
| Heldal et al. 20004 | 1994–97 | Norway | IS6110 (ident.); band number for all isolates > = 5 | 51 for the year 1995 reported TB pat.; cluster membership compared with 555 TB pat. 1994–97 | 85% of the culture- pos. TB cases | 15.7%(6 clusters with 2–6 pers.) | |
| Hayward et al. 200262 | 1993 | London (Inner) | spoligotyping+HIPCR (IS6110-based) | 552 TB cases | 80% of the reported culture-pos. TB cases (corr. 56% of all reported cases) | 27%(42 clusters with 2–15 pat.) | 19% |
| Maguire et al. 200248 | 7/1995–1997 | (Greater) London | IS6110 (ident.); exclusions:<5 bands (n = 448) | 2.042 TB cases (diagnosed in one of 54 laboratories) with detection of ⩾5 bands | 63% of the culture- pos. TB cases (assuming in all 3260 [?, text unclear] culture-pos. TB cases) | 22.7%(169 clusters with 2–12 persons) | 14.4% |
| Vachée et al. 199939 | 1995 | France (North Department) | IS6110 (dev. ±1) | 154 pat., diagnosed in 38 laboratories | 66%(comparison with regional survey) | 18%(14 clusters) | 9% |
| Gutiérrez et al. 199852 | 1995 | Paris and surroundings | IS6110 +DR sequences, exclusion: 1 band (n = 10) | 272 hospital-based TB cases | 35.7%(26 clusters with 2–12 pat.) | ||
| Codecasa et al. 199925 | 1993–96 | Milan City | IS6110 (ident.?)+spoligotyping for <3 bands | 247 of the pat. reported to the TB Reference Center for Lombardy (Villa Marelli Institute) | 9%(247 of 2616 TB cases); however the degree of completeness for the time window (not given) may be higher | 30.5% for immigrants, 53% for patients born in Italy | |
| Moro et al. 200231 | 1995–97 | Milan City | IS 6110+spoligotyping for <5 bands or dev. ±1 | 581 culture-pos. pat., reported by Public Health offices and labs | 71% | 41.1%(76 clusters with 2–11 pat.) | 28.1% |
| Nastasi u. Mammina 199932 | 1994–98 | Palermo (Sicily) | IS6110 (ident.) | 95 in-patients in 5 hospitals in Palermo | 35% of the reported (culture-pos. and negative) pat. | 12.6%(6 clusters with 2–4 pat.) | 6.3% |
| Garzelli et al. 199740 | 1993–95 | Pisa (Region) | IS6110 (ident.) | 60 pathogen strains in 3 hospitals | Hospital | 15%(4 clusters with 2–3 pat.) | 8% |
| Safi et al. 199736 | 1993–95 | Seville, Spain | IS6110 (dev. ±1) | 175 culture-pos. TB pat. from the University Hospital (176 isolates and 1 reinfection) | 85% | 38%(19 clusters with 2–7 pat.) | 27% |
| Samper et al. 199859 | 1993 | Saragossa Region, Spain | IS6110 (ident.), exclusion <5 bands | 226 | 83% | 39%(28 clusters with 2–10 pat.) | 27% |
| Martínez, Sanchez et al. 2000;50 Fernandez de la Hoz et al. 200127 | 1997–98 | South. Madrid | IS6110 (ident.)+spoligotyping (<6 bands) | 148 register-based TB cases | 71.5% of all pat. with TB | 42%(18 clusters with 2–12 pat.) | 30% |
| Elizaga et al. 200256 | 1995–99 | Segovia (Spain, rural region) | IS6110+spoligotyping | 87 TB cases diagnosed in the only microbiology lab | 27.6%(8 clusters with 2–6 pat.) | 18.4% | |
