Table 3
Examples of site specific risk factors
| Risk factors | Selected chemicals or occupations classified as IARC group 1 carcinogens | Major cancer sites |
|---|---|---|
| *Low risk (= protective) factor. | ||
| Tobacco | Oropharynx, larynx, lung, oesophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, ureter, bladder, cervix | |
| Betel quid | Oropharynx, oesophagus | |
| Diet | ||
| Fat/calorie | Colon, breast? prostate? | |
| Dietary fibre | Colon | |
| Salt | Stomach | |
| Vegetables/fruits* | Aflatoxins | Stomach and other organs |
| Infection | ||
| Viruses | ||
| HBV/HCV | Liver | |
| HPV/HSV-2 | Cervix | |
| EBV | Lymphatic system, nasopharynx | |
| HTLV-1 | Haemato-lymphatic system (T cells) | |
| Parasites | ||
| Schistosomiasis haematobium | Urinary bladder | |
| Opisthorchis viverrini | Liver (cholangioma) | |
| Clonorchis scinensis | Liver | |
| Bacteria | ||
| Helicobacter pylori | Stomach | |
| Reproductive factors | Breast | |
| Occupation | Auramine | Lung, skin, bladder |
| Coal tar | ||
| Iron and steel founding | ||
| Mineral oils | ||
| Mustard gas | ||
| Nickel | ||
| Alcohol | Oropharynx, oesophagus, colon–rectum?, breast? | |
| Sunlight/radiation | Skin | |
| Pollution | Arsenic and arsenic compounds | Lung |
| Medicine and medical procedures | Oestrogen replace therapy | Haematopoietic system, breast |
| Oral contraceptives | ||
| Sexual behaviour | Cervix | |
| Industrial products | ||
| Food additives | ||
| Obesity | Breast | |
| Exercise* | Colon–sigmoid | |
| Stress | Stomach | |
