| Macro level | Organisational level | Individual level | ||
| • climate | • the nature of the industry | • age | ||
| • epidemics | • working conditions | • sex | ||
| • provision of health care services | • job demands | • occupational status | ||
| • social insurance systems | • size of the enterprise | • job satisfaction | ||
| • sickness certification practices | • characteristics of the workforce | • length of service | ||
| • taxation | • workforce availability | • personality | ||
| • pensionable age | • industrial relations | • life crises | ||
| • social attitudes | • supervisory quality | • family responsibilities | ||
| • economic climate | • personnel policies | • social support | ||
| • availability of alternative employment | • labour turnover | • leisure activities | ||
| • unemployment | • the provision of occupational health services | • alcohol intake | ||
| • the health status of the individual |
- Education
THE MANAGEMENT OF SICKNESS ABSENCE
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