Education
Health effects of shift work and extended hours of work
J M Harrington
Correspondence to: Professor J M Harrington Institute of Occupational Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK j.m.harrington@bham.ac.uk
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Introduction |
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 Introduction
 Biological and social aspects
Health effects
Safety effects
Personal issues
Prevention
Conclusions
References
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"Normal" hours of work are generally taken to mean a working day with hours left for recreation and rest. Rest is a night time activity, work a daytime activity. This review is concerned with those who work other schedules either on shifts or with extended hours which transcend the day-night work-sleep pattern.
Such abnormal" working hours are not a modern phenomenon. Ramazzini (1633-1714) noted that bakers, innkeepers, and soldiers worked such hours. The advent of the industrial revolution led to many people working long hours until legislation was introduced to curtail the worst vicissitudes of the new factory based economy.
SHIFT SCHEDULES
Today, about one in five workers in Europe are employed on shift
work involving night work and over one
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