ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Exposure to mercury in the mine of Almadén

Montserrat García Gómez¹, José Diego Caballero Klink², Paolo Boffetta³, Santiago Español⁴, Gerd Sällsten⁵, Javier Gómez Quintana⁶

¹ Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo, Madrid, Spain
² Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
³ International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
⁴ Minas de Almadén y Arrayanes, SA, Almadén, Spain
⁵ University of Göteborg, Göteborg, Sweden
⁶ Mutual CYCLOPS, Madrid, Spain

Correspondence to:
Dr M García Gómez
Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo, Paseo del Prado 18–20, 28014 Madrid, Spain; mgarciag{at}msc.es

Objectives: To describe the process for obtaining mercury and the historical exposure of Almadén miners to mercury.

Methods: Information on every workplace and historical data on production, technological changes in the productive process and biological and environmental values of mercury was collected. A job-exposure matrix was built with these values and the exposure to inorganic mercury was estimated quantitatively as µg/l of urine mercury. A cumulative exposure index was calculated for every worker by adding the estimates for every year in the different workplaces.

Results: In the mine, the highest exposures occurred during drilling, with values up to 2.26 mg/m³ in air, 2194 µg/l in urine and 374 µg/l in blood. Furnace operation and cleaning were the tasks with the highest values in metallurgy, peaking up to 3.37 mg/m³. The filling of bottles with mercury by free fall gave values within a range of 1.13–2.43 mg/m³ in air; these values dropped to 0.32–0.83 mg/m³ after introducing a new ventilation system. The toxicity effects of high doses of inorganic mercury on the central nervous and urinary systems have been known for decades.

Conclusions: The exposure of the workers in Almadén mines to mercury has been very high. The extremely high content cinnabar ore of the mine explains the increased concentrations of mercury in air at the work places. This, together with inadequate working conditions, explains the high mercury levels found in blood and urine during the study period.

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