ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Hepatitis E, Helicobacter pylori, and gastrointestinal symptoms in workers exposed to waste water

S Jeggli¹, D Steiner¹, H Joller², A Tschopp³, R Steffen⁴, P Hotz¹

¹ Occupational and Environmental Medicine Unit, Zurich, Switzerland
² Clinical Immunology Unit, Zurich, Switzerland
³ Department of Biostatistics, Zurich, Switzerland
⁴ Division of Epidemiology and Prevention of Communicable Diseases, Zurich, Switzerland

Correspondence to:
Correspondence to:
Prof. P Hotz
Occupational and Environmental Medicine Unit, Sumatrastrasse 30, Zurich CH-8006, Switzerland; photz{at}ifspm.unizh.ch

Background: Workers exposed to sewage may have an increased risk of infection by Helicobacter pylori and hepatitis E virus (HEV).

Aims: To assess the prevalence of clinical hepatitis E (HE) and peptic ulcer disease as well as the seroprevalence of antibodies to H pylori and HEV in workers with and without sewage exposure and to look for symptoms due to exposure to endotoxin.

Methods: In the first year of a prospective cohort study 349 sewage exposed workers and 429 municipal manual workers (participation: 61%) underwent a complete medical examination. Travelling to endemic areas, socioeconomic level, age, country in which childhood was spent, and number of siblings were considered as the main confounding factors.

Results: Peptic ulcer disease and clinical HE did not occur more often in workers exposed to sewage. Prevalence of antibodies to HEV was 3.3% and overall prevalence of IgG antibodies to H pylori was 42% with large differences between subgroups. Logistic regression did not show an increased risk of seropositivity or antibodies to parietal cells in sewage exposed workers, but disentangling the effect of exposure from that of confounders was extremely difficult. No increase of symptoms due to exposure to endotoxin was found in sewage workers, with the exception of diarrhoea.

Conclusions: No clear increased risk of infection by H pylori or by HEV in workers exposed to sewage was found in this cross-sectional study, but these results need to be confirmed by follow up.

Keywords: Helicobacter pylori; hepatitis E; sewage; waste water

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